WikiAnesthesia - User contributions [en]

Pheochromocytoma

2022-09-04T19:59:15Z

WikiAnesthesia:

{{Infobox comorbidity
| other_names =
| anesthetic_relevance = Critical
| specialty = Endocrinology
| signs_symptoms = Hypertension
Headache
Diaphoresis
Tachycardia
| diagnosis = Urine metanephrines and catecholamines
Abdominal CT/MRI for localization
| treatment = Surgical resection
Alpha/beta blockade
| image =
| caption =
}}A '''pheochromocytoma''' is a rare neuroendocrine disease of the adrenal gland where catecholamine-secreting tumors cause hypertension. Pheochromocytoma is present in 0.05%<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lo|first=Chung-Yau|last2=Lam|first2=King-Yin|last3=Wat|first3=Ming-Sun|last4=Lam|first4=Karen S.|date=2000-03-01|title=Adrenal pheochromocytoma remains a frequently overlooked diagnosis|url=https://www.americanjournalofsurgery.com/article/S0002-9610(00)00296-8/abstract|journal=The American Journal of Surgery|language=English|volume=179|issue=3|pages=212–215|doi=10.1016/S0002-9610(00)00296-8|issn=0002-9610|pmid=10827323}}</ref> - 0.2%<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Yeh|first=Michael|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1235959889|title=Sabiston textbook of surgery : the biological basis of modern surgical practice|last2=Livhits|first2=Masha|last3=Duh|first3=Quan-Yang|date=2022|publisher=|others=Courtney M., Jr. Townsend, R. Daniel Beauchamp, B. Mark Evers, Kenneth L. Mattox, David C. Sabiston|year=|isbn=978-0-323-64064-0|edition=21st|location=St. Louis, Missour|pages=|chapter=The Adrenal Glands|oclc=1235959889}}</ref> of hypertensive individuals, the incidence of the disease presents equally between men and women with a distribution across age groups but peaks in between 40 and 50 years of age. The classic presentation of the disease is a triad of symptoms including headache, palpitations, diaphoresis with a documented clinical sign of hypertension (present in 90% of patients with pheochromocytoma)<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Peramunage|first=Dasun|last2=Nikravan|first2=Sara|date=2020-03-01|title=Anesthesia for Endocrine Emergencies|url=https://www.anesthesiology.theclinics.com/article/S1932-2275(19)30088-6/abstract|journal=Anesthesiology Clinics|language=English|volume=38|issue=1|pages=149–163|doi=10.1016/j.anclin.2019.10.006|issn=1932-2275|pmid=32008649}}</ref>. However, patients can often present with less definitive symptoms such as tremor, anxiety, flushing, weight loss, and hyperglycemia. While the majority of pheochromocytoma emerges from adrenal tumors, roughly 15-20% can be extra-adrenal in etiology.

== Anesthetic implications ==

=== Preoperative optimization ===

=== Intraoperative management ===

=== Postoperative management ===

== Related surgical procedures ==
* [[Excision of pheochromocytoma]]

== Pathophysiology ==

* Pheochromocytoma and paragangliomas are rare-catecholamine-secreting-neuroendocrine tumors. Most of these tumors are derived from chromaffin cells located in the adrenal medulla, but around 15-20% are extra-adrenal in etiology with possible sites including paraganglia of sympathetic chain, paraaortic, and organ of zuckerkandl (aortic bifurcation).<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1135054809|title=Conn's current therapy 2020|date=2020|others=Rick D. Kellerman, David Rakel|isbn=978-0-323-71184-5|location=Philadelphia|oclc=1135054809}}</ref> Those that arise from within the adrenal medulla are called “pheochromocytomas” whereas those that derive from outside the adrenal gland are called “paragangliomas”.<ref name=":2" />
* These tumors have the capacity to produce excessive quantities of catecholamines including epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine. These catecholamines mediate their effects by alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, and beta-2 adrenergic subtype receptors.
** Alpha-1 receptors primarily mediate smooth muscle contraction notably causing vasoconstriction and alpha-2 receptors primarily regulate sympathetic outflow by inhibiting norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and insulin release.
** Beta-1 receptors primarily increase heart rate and contractility and beta-2 receptors mediate smooth muscle relaxation notably causing vasodilation and bronchodilation.
* The net result of the adrenergic receptor activity is increased blood flow and oxygen delivery to the brain.
* Excessive catecholamine levels in pheochromocytoma can activate these receptors resulting in the classic symptoms including hypertension, tachycardia, headache and diaphoresis.
* Most cases of pheochromocytoma are sporadic. However, around 40% of cases have an association with familial syndrome including multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2), Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, and neurofibromatosis type 1.<ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Pacak|first=Karel|date=2007-11-01|title=Preoperative Management of the Pheochromocytoma Patient|url=https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-1720|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism|volume=92|issue=11|pages=4069–4079|doi=10.1210/jc.2007-1720|issn=0021-972X}}</ref>
* The familial association may be linked to mutations in succinate dehydrogenase, a protein located in the mitochondria that is critical in oxidative phosphorylation.

== Signs and symptoms ==
Signs and symptoms of pheochromocytoma are related to the excessive catecholamine levels. Symptoms are present in approximately half of patients with pheochromocytoma and paragangliomas. Due to the episodic nature of catecholamine synthesis and release, the symptoms are typically paroxysmal rather than continuous.

The classic triad of symptoms include episodic headache, diaphoresis, and tachycardia although not all patients will experience all three symptoms. Less than 50% of patients experience paroxysmal hypertension.

There are also other common nonspecific manifestations of pheochromocytoma include:

* Orthostatic hypotension
* Pallor
* Tremor
* Weight-loss
* Generalized Weakness
* Visual blurring
* Papilledema
* Hyperglycemia
* Dyspnea
* Constipation
* Cardiomyopathy
* Psychiatric Manifestations
** Anxiety
** Panic attacks<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Reisch|first=Nicole|last2=Peczkowska|first2=Mariola|last3=Januszewicz|first3=Andrzej|last4=Neumann|first4=Hartmut P. H.|date=2006|title=Pheochromocytoma: presentation, diagnosis and treatment|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17082709|journal=Journal of Hypertension|volume=24|issue=12|pages=2331–2339|doi=10.1097/01.hjh.0000251887.01885.54|issn=0263-6352|pmid=17082709|via=}}</ref>

Rarely, patients can present with “pheochromocytoma crisis” which manifests with hypertension or hypotension, hyperthermia, mental status change, and other organ dysfunction.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kakoki|first=Katsura|last2=Miyata|first2=Yasuyoshi|last3=Shida|first3=Youhei|last4=Hakariya|first4=Tomoaki|last5=Takehara|first5=Kosuke|last6=Izumida|first6=Seiya|last7=Sekino|first7=Motohiro|last8=Kinoshita|first8=Naoe|last9=Igawa|first9=Tsukasa|last10=Fukuoka|first10=Junya|last11=Sakai|first11=Hideki|date=2015-12-09|title=Pheochromocytoma multisystem crisis treated with emergency surgery: a case report and literature review|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26645353|journal=BMC research notes|volume=8|pages=758|doi=10.1186/s13104-015-1738-z|issn=1756-0500|pmc=4673852|pmid=26645353}}</ref>

== Diagnosis ==
Diagnosis of pheochromocytoma relies on measurement of excessive levels of catecholamines and its metabolites followed by imaging studies. Catecholamine hypersecretion can be confirmed by measurement of urinary and plasma catecholamines; and/or metanephrine and normetanephrine, metabolites of epinephrine and norepinephrine.

* '''24 hour urine levels''' of these compounds have classically been used to diagnose pheochromocytoma and is the most reliable test.
** Though the test may be inconvenient, it has high sensitivity and specificity.<ref name=":0" />
** 2-fold increase in the upper limit of normal of catecholamine or metabolites is defined as a positive result.
* '''Plasma metanephrine and normetanephrine''' is also commonly used for diagnosis but notably has a lower specificity (89%) than 24-hour urine levels.
** Given the rare incidence rate of pheochromocytoma and the high false positive rate, plasma free metanephrine testing is mainly used as a screening tool to exclude rather than to confirm pheochromocytoma. When positive, confirmatory testing with urine levels is warranted.

When equivocal results occur, a '''clonidine suppression test''' can be used. Clonidine is an alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist and decreases catecholamine levels. In patients with pheochromocytoma, clonidine will fail to suppress the catecholamine levels.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wan|first=WingYee|last2=Nguyen|first2=Bichle|last3=Graybill|first3=Sky|last4=Kim|first4=Jonathan|date=2019-06-25|title=Clonidine suppression testing for pheochromocytoma in neurofibromatosis type 1|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6605898/|journal=BMJ Case Reports|volume=12|issue=6|doi=10.1136/bcr-2018-228263|issn=1757-790X|pmc=6605898|pmid=31243023}}</ref>

Many drugs and conditions can affect the levels of catecholamines and its metabolites. Therefore it is important to minimize these confounding variables. Before these diagnostic tests, it is important to discontinue any interfering medications including sympathomimetics, tricyclic antidepressants, acetaminophen. Patients should also avoid caffeine, strenuous physical activity, and smoking 12 hours prior to testing. Plasma samples should also be drawn following 30 minutes of supine rest.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shah|first=U.|last2=Giubellino|first2=A.|last3=Pacak|first3=K.|date=2012|title=Pheochromocytoma: implications in tumorigenesis and the actual management|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22691888|journal=Minerva Endocrinologica|volume=37|issue=2|pages=141–156|issn=0391-1977|pmc=3409463|pmid=22691888|via=}}</ref>

'''Imaging'''

Radiological evaluation follows biochemical confirmation to locate the tumor. 95% of pheochromocytomas are located within the abdomen and pelvis but 15% are extra-adrenal.

* '''Computed Tomography (CT)''' or '''magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)''' are usually performed first with a sensitivity of 88-100% and a lower specificity of 70% because of high prevalence of incidentalomas. MRI is slightly more sensitive than CT, but CT provides better tomographical definition.

* '''Iobenguane I-123''' can be used in a setting of negative MRI or CT results but high clinical suspicion particularly for multifocal disease with a sensitivity of 85-88% and specificity of 70-100%. Iobenguane I-123 is a compound similar to norepinephrine that is taken up in adrenergic tissue like pheochromocytoma.

* '''Fludeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET)''' and '''68-Ga Dotatate PET''' are highly sensitive tests (74-100%) with best performance in metastatic disease. However, there is limited availability of these relatively newer modalities at academic centers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Čtvrtlík|first=Filip|last2=Koranda|first2=Pavel|last3=Schovánek|first3=Jan|last4=Škarda|first4=Jozef|last5=Hartmann|first5=Igor|last6=Tüdös|first6=Zbyněk|date=2018|title=Current diagnostic imaging of pheochromocytomas and implications for therapeutic strategy|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29545830|journal=Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine|volume=15|issue=4|pages=3151–3160|doi=10.3892/etm.2018.5871|issn=1792-0981|pmc=5840941|pmid=29545830|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Janssen|first=Ingo|last2=Chen|first2=Clara C.|last3=Millo|first3=Corina M.|last4=Ling|first4=Alexander|last5=Taieb|first5=David|last6=Lin|first6=Frank I.|last7=Adams|first7=Karen T.|last8=Wolf|first8=Katherine I.|last9=Herscovitch|first9=Peter|last10=Fojo|first10=Antonio T.|last11=Buchmann|first11=Inga|date=2016|title=PET/CT comparing (68)Ga-DOTATATE and other radiopharmaceuticals and in comparison with CT/MRI for the localization of sporadic metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26996779|journal=European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging|volume=43|issue=10|pages=1784–1791|doi=10.1007/s00259-016-3357-x|issn=1619-7089|pmid=26996779|via=}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Lenders|first=Jacques W. M.|last2=Duh|first2=Quan-Yang|last3=Eisenhofer|first3=Graeme|last4=Gimenez-Roqueplo|first4=Anne-Paule|last5=Grebe|first5=Stefan K. G.|last6=Murad|first6=Mohammad Hassan|last7=Naruse|first7=Mitsuhide|last8=Pacak|first8=Karel|last9=Young|first9=William F.|date=2014|title=Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline|url=https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-1498|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1915–1942|doi=10.1210/jc.2014-1498|issn=0021-972X|via=}}</ref>

'''Genetic Testing'''

Although most pheochromocytomas are sporadic, 40% are associated with familial disorders including multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, and neurofibromatosis type 1. Typically, genetic testing is performed postoperatively after a pathological diagnosis.<ref name=":0" />

Patients with pheochromocytoma should be engaged in shared decision making for genetic testing. Patients with paraganglioma should undergo succinate dehydrogenase mutation testing.

'''Contraindicated Diagnostic Procedure'''

* '''Selective Adrenal Venous Sampling''' may result in falsely positive catecholamine levels and subsequent inappropriate adrenalectomy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Freel|first=E. Marie|last2=Stanson|first2=Anthony W.|last3=Thompson|first3=Geoffrey B.|last4=Grant|first4=Clive S.|last5=Farley|first5=David R.|last6=Richards|first6=Melanie L.|last7=Young|first7=William F.|date=2010|title=Adrenal venous sampling for catecholamines: a normal value study|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20061413|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism|volume=95|issue=3|pages=1328–1332|doi=10.1210/jc.2009-2253|issn=1945-7197|pmid=20061413|via=}}</ref>
* '''Ultrasound''' is not recommended given low sensitivity.<ref name=":1" />

== Treatment ==

=== Medication ===
The goal of preoperative medical optimization of pheochromocytoma is to normalize blood pressure and to expand contracted intravascular space.

* '''Alpha adrenergic blockade''' is started at least 7 days preoperatively and longer if patient suffered recent MI, cardiomyopathy, refractory hypertension
** '''Non-selective alpha-adrenergic antagonist''' (Phenoxybenzamine) is the most commonly used for preoperative blockade
*** Dosing and Frequency
**** Initial dose 10 mg once or twice daily
**** Titrate up 10 to 20 mg in divided doses every two to three days as needed to max dose of 40 mg three times daily
*** Side effects: reflex tachycardia, postural hypotension, nasal congestion, marked fatigue, retrograde ejaculation<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Pacak|first=Karel|date=2007-11-01|title=Preoperative Management of the Pheochromocytoma Patient|url=https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-1720|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism|volume=92|issue=11|pages=4069–4079|doi=10.1210/jc.2007-1720|issn=0021-972X}}</ref>
** '''Selective alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist''' (Prazosin, Doxazosin, or Terazosin) may also be used though phenoxybenzamine provides most complete alpha-adrenergic blockade
*** Dosing and Frequency
**** Prazosin: 2-5 mg two or three times daily
**** Doxazosin: 2-8 mg daily
**** Terazosin: 2-5 mg daily
*** More favorable side effect profile and cheaper than phenoxybenzamine
** Choosing between alpha-adrenergic antagonists is provider and institutional dependent.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />
* '''Beta Adrenergic blockade''' can be started after adequate alpha adrenergic blockade in patients with persistent tachycardia
** A beta-blocker should never be used without an alpha-blocker because blockade of vasodilatory peripheral beta receptors with unopposed alpha adrenergic receptor stimulation can exacerbate hypertensive episodes
** '''Selective beta-adrenergic antagonists''' (atenolol, metoprolol) are preferred over '''nonselective-beat adrenergic antagonists''' (propranolol) and are started usually 2-3 days preoperatively
*** Dosing and Frequency
**** Atenolol: 12.5-25 mg two or three times daily
**** Metoprolol: 25-50 mg three or four times daily
**** Propranolol: 20-80 mg once or twice daily
** Cautious use if patient has asthma or congestive heart failure as patients are at risk of acute pulmonary edema with beta-blockade<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />
* '''Combined Alpha and Beta Adrenergic Blockade''' (Labetalol or Carvedilol) can be used but is not the primary choice for blockade given the fixed ratio of alpha to beta antagonistic activity is suboptimal in controlling hypertensive episodes<ref name=":3" />
* '''Calcium Channel Blocker''' (Amlodipine, Nicardipine, Nifedipine, Verapamil)
** Although less effect than alpha-adrenergic blockers, calcium channel blockers are another option
** Indications
*** Supplement adrenoceptor blockade for adequate blood pressure control
*** Severe side effects to adrenoceptor blockade
*** Prevent adrenoceptor-blockade sustained hypotension
** Dosing and Frequency
*** Amlodipine: 10-20mg daily
*** Nicardipine: 60-90 mg daily
*** Nifedipine: 60-90 mg daily
*** Verapamil: 180-540 mg daily<ref name=":3" />

'''Catecholamine Synthesis Inhibitors''' (Metyrosine)

* Metyrosine or alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine is an analog of tyrosine that competitively inhibits tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate limiting step in catecholamine synthesis.
* Though incompletely, it depletes catecholamine stores with maximum effect after around 3 days
* Disadvantages include limited availability and high-dose-side effects including depression, anxiety, galactorrhea, diarrhea
* Dosing and Frequency
** 250 mg every 6 hours; may increase 250-500 mg daily; max: 4g daily
* Availability and utilization is institution dependent<ref name=":3" />

=== Surgery ===
[[Excision of pheochromocytoma|Surgical excision]] is the only curative treatment in patients with pheochromocytoma. This procedure is a variant of an adrenalectomy with a curative rate greater than 90%. Successful excision involves meticulously multidisciplinary planning amongst endocrinologists, surgical team, and anesthesiologists. Careful preoperative optimization and intraoperative management is critical to ensure hemodynamic stability during excision.<ref name=":0" />

Per the United States Endocrine Society 2014 Clinical practice guideline for pheochromocytoma, a laparoscopic resection is recommended unless local invasion is present. Surgical approaches include laparoscopic transabdominal, laparoscopic retroperitoneal, or single incision laparoscopic retroperitoneal. Open approach may be warranted in extra-adrenal or locally-invasive disease.<ref name=":1" />

=== Prognosis ===

* A number of factors can affect the prognosis including: location of tumor, metastatic status, size of tumor and age at initial presentation.<ref name=":12" />
* During the early 20th century, the perioperative mortality of this disease ranged between 26-50%.
* As surgical technique and perioperative management has improved, the mortality has decreased to roughly 1% in specialized centers.
* The largest North American series published about pheochromocytoma excision described 108 cases, where 90% were conducted laparoscopically, and the perioperative morbidity rate was 13% with no mortalities.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shen|first=Wen T.|last2=Grogan|first2=Raymon|last3=Vriens|first3=Menno|last4=Clark|first4=Orlo H.|last5=Duh|first5=Quan-Yang|date=2010|title=One hundred two patients with pheochromocytoma treated at a single institution since the introduction of laparoscopic adrenalectomy|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20855761|journal=Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill.: 1960)|volume=145|issue=9|pages=893–897|doi=10.1001/archsurg.2010.159|issn=1538-3644|pmid=20855761|via=}}</ref>
* For non-metastatic and metastatic pheochromocytomas, the 5-year survival rate is 97% and 84%, respectively.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Jung Hee|last2=Moon|first2=Hyemi|last3=Noh|first3=Junghyun|last4=Lee|first4=Juneyoung|last5=Kim|first5=Sin Gon|date=2020|title=Epidemiology and Prognosis of Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma in Korea: A Nationwide Study Based on the National Health Insurance Service|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32207276|journal=Endocrinology and Metabolism (Seoul, Korea)|volume=35|issue=1|pages=157–164|doi=10.3803/EnM.2020.35.1.157|issn=2093-5978|pmc=7090309|pmid=32207276|via=}}</ref>

== Epidemiology ==

* US prevalence of pheochromocytoma is between 1 in 2500 and 1 in 6500<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Aygun|first=Nurcihan|last2=Uludag|first2=Mehmet|date=2020|title=Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma: From Epidemiology to Clinical Findings|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32617052|journal=Sisli Etfal Hastanesi Tip Bulteni|volume=54|issue=2|pages=159–168|doi=10.14744/SEMB.2020.18794|issn=1302-7123|pmc=7326683|pmid=32617052}}</ref>
* US incidence of pheochromocytoma is 500-1600 cases per year<ref name=":2" />
* A majority of pheochromocytomas are sporadic whereas around 40% are familial and associated with disorders including multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, and neurofibromatosis type 1.
** Frequency of pheochromocytoma in familial disorders
*** Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 2: 50%
*** Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome: 10-20%
*** neurofibromatosis type 1: 2-3%<ref name=":0" />
* Incidence of sporadic pheochromocytoma occur equally common in males and females but peaks in between 40 and 50 years of age
* Familial pheochromocytoma cases occur around 15 years earlier than sporadic cases.
* Amongst individuals with hypertension, 0.05% - 0.2% have pheochromocytoma.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Comorbidities]]

Craniectomy for craniosynostosis repair

2022-07-11T23:07:14Z

WikiAnesthesia: Applied case reference template

{{Infobox surgical procedure
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A '''craniectomy for craniosynostosis repair''' is performed to correct the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures.

== Overview ==

=== Indications ===
Craniosynostosis is the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures, resulting in abnormal skull development and head shape.

=== Surgical procedure ===

== Preoperative management ==

=== Patient evaluation ===
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=== Labs and studies ===

=== Operating room setup ===

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=== Regional and neuraxial techniques ===

== Intraoperative management ==

=== Monitoring and access ===

=== Induction and airway management ===

=== Positioning ===

=== Maintenance and surgical considerations ===

=== Emergence ===

== Postoperative management ==

=== Disposition ===

=== Pain management ===

=== Potential complications ===

== Procedure variants ==

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== References ==

[[Category:Surgical procedures]]

Craniectomy for craniosynostosis repair

2022-07-11T23:05:32Z

WikiAnesthesia: WikiAnesthesia moved page Anesthetic consideration for craniosynostosis repair to Craniectomy for craniosynostosis repair without leaving a redirect: Renamed article title to match style guidelines for case reference articles

== Definition-Craniosynostosis ==
Premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures, resulting in abnormal skull development and head shape.

2022-06-23T00:54:32Z

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**[[Proctectomy]]
**[[Rectal prolapse surgery]]
***[[Mucosal sleeve resection|Mucosal sleeve resection (Delorme Procedure)]]
***[[Perineal rectosigmoidectomy]]
***[[Rectopexy]]
*[[Endocrine surgery]]
**[[Adrenalectomy]]
***[[Excision of pheochromocytoma]]
**[[Thyroidectomy]]
**[[Parathyroidectomy]]
*[[Esophageal surgery]]
**[[Cervical esophagostomy]]
**[[Esophagectomy]]
***[[Thoracoabdominal esophagectomy]]
***[[Minimally invasive esophagectomy]]
***[[Transhiatal esophagectomy]]
***[[Ivor Lewis esophagectomy]]
***[[McKeown esophagectomy]]
**[[Esophageal diverticulectomy]]
***[[Zenker's divericulectomy]]
**[[Esophagomyotomy]]
***[[Heller myotomy]]
**[[Esophagastric fundoplication]]
***[[Nissen fundoplication]]
**[[Surgical repair of esophageal perforation or rupture]]
*[[Hepatic surgery]]
**[[Hepatic resection]]
**[[Hepatorrhaphy]]
**[[Liver transplant]]
*[[Intestinal surgery]]
**[[Appendectomy]]
**[[Closure of enteric fistula]]
**[[Duodenotomy]]
**[[Enterolysis procedure|Enterolysis procedure (Lysis of adhesions)]]
**[[Inguinal hernia repair]]
**[[Meckel's diverticulectomy]]
**[[Ostomy procedure]]
**[[Small bowel resection]]
**[[Ventral hernia repair]]
*[[Pancreatic surgery]]
**[[Pancreatectomy]]
**[[Pancreaticoduodenectomy|Pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure)]]
*[[Splenic surgery]]
**[[Splenectomy]]
**[[Splenorrhaphy|Splenorrhaphy (Repair of ruptured spleen)]]
*[[Stomach surgery]]
**[[Gastric resection|Gastric resection (Gastrectomy)]]
**[[Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy|Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG)]]
**[[Gastric or duodenal perforation repair]]
**[[Bariatric surgery]]
***[[Gastric bypass surgery]]
****[[Roux-en-Y gastric bypass]]
****[[Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch|Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD/DS)]]
***[[Gastric restrictive surgery]]
****[[Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding]]
****[[Open vertical sleeve gastrectomy]]
*[[Trauma surgery]]
*[[Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy surgery|Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy surgery (HIPEC)]]

==[[:Category:Interventional radiology procedures|Interventional radiology procedures]]==

==[[:Category:Oral and maxillofacial surgery|Oral and maxillofacial surgery]]==
*[[Dental extraction]]

==[[:Category:Neurosurgery|Neurosurgery]]==
*[[Functional neurosurgery]]
**[[Deep brain stimulation|Deep brain stimulation (DBS)]]
**[[Vagus nerve stimulation|Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)]]
**[[Responsive neurostimulation|Responsive neurostimulation (RNS)]]
*[[Intracranial neurosurgery]]
**[[Awake craniotomy|Awake craniotomy]]
**[[Bifrontal craniotomy for CSF leak]]
**[[Craniotomy for intracranial aneurysm]]
**[[Craniotomy for cerebral embolectomy]]
**[[Craniotomy for intracranial vascular malformations]]
**[[Craniotomy for extracranial-intracranial revascularization|Craniotomy for extracranial-intracranial revascularization (EC-IC bypass)]]
**[[Craniotomy for tumor resection]]
**[[Craniotomy for trauma]]
**[[Transphenoidal resection of pituitary tumor]]
**[[Craniotomy for resection of epileptogenic focus]]
*[[Spinal neurosurgery]]
**[[Anterior cervical spine surgery]]
**[[Posterior cervical spine surgery]]
**[[Anterior thoracic spine surgery]]
**[[Posterior thoracic spine surgery]]
**[[Anterior lumbar/lumbosacral spine surgery]]
**[[Posterior lumbar/lumbosacral spine surgery]]
*[[CSF aspiration, diversion, or shunt procedures]]
**[[Ventriculocisternostomy|Ventriculocisternostomy (Torkildsen shunt)]]
**[[Ventriculoperitoneal shunt|Ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VP shunt)]]
**[[Ventriculoatrial shunt|Ventriculoatrial shunt (VA shunt)]]
*[[Carotid endarterectomy|Carotid endarterectomy (CEA)]]
*Neuro interventional radiology procedures
**[[Cerebral angiogram]]

==[[:Category:Obstetric and gynecologic surgery|Obstetric and gynecologic surgery]]==
*[[Cesarean section]]
*[[Dilation and curettage|Dilation and curettage (D&C)]]
*[[Endometrial ablation]]
*[[Hysterectomy|Hysterectomy (TAH)]]
*[[Hysteroscopy]]
*[[Myomectomy|Myomectomy (Fibroidectomy)]]
*[[Oophorectomy|Oophorectomy (BSO)]]
*[[Ovarian torsion surgery]]
*[[Pelvic exenteration]]
*[[Tubal ligation]]
*[[Vaginectomy]]

==[[:Category:Ophthalmology|Ophthalmology]]==
*[[Cataract surgery|Cataract surgery]]
*[[Corneal transplant]]
*[[Traveculectomy]]
*[[Ectropion repair]]
*[[Entropion repair]]
*[[Ptosis repair]]
*[[Eyelid reconstruction]]
*[[Pterygium excision]]
*[[Repair of ruptured of lacerated globe]]
*[[Dacryocystorhinostomy|Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)]]
*[[Enucleation]]
*[[Orbitotomy]]

==[[:Category:Orthopedic surgery|Orthopedic surgery]]==
*[[Foot and ankle surgery]]
*[[Hand surgery]]
**[[Hand or digit replantation]]
**[[Carpal tunnel release]]
**[[Fixation of fractures and dislocations of the wrist and hand]]
**[[Wrist arthroscopy]]
**[[Darrach procedure]]
**[[Arthrodesis of the wrist]]
**[[Excision of ganglion of the wrist]]
**[[Palmar and digital fasciectomy]]
**[[Repair of laceracted nerves/tendons of the hand]]
*[[Hip surgery]]
**[[Hip arthroplasty|Hip arthroplasty (THA)]]
*[[Lower leg surgery]]
**[[Open reduction and interal fixation of the tibial plateau fracture]]
*[[Joint replacement surgery]]
**[[Hip arthroplasty|Hip arthroplasty (THA)]]
**[[Knee arthroplasty|Knee arthroplasty (TKA)]]
**[[Shoulder arthroplasty|Shoulder arthroplasty (TSA)]]
*[[Knee surgery]]
**[[Knee arthroplasty|Knee arthroplasty (TKA)]]
*[[Orthopedic oncology surgery]]
*[[Shoulder surgery]]
**[[Shoulder arthroplasty|Shoulder arthroplasty (TSA)]]
*[[Spine surgery]]
*[[Sports surgery]]

==[[:Category:Otolaryngology|Otolaryngology]]==
*Airway procedures
**[[Bronchoscopy]]
**[[Deep extubation]]
**[[Laryngoscopy]]
*[[Ear, audiovestibular, and temporal bone procedures]]
**[[Cochlear implant surgery]]
**[[Tympanoplasty and/or mastoidectomy]]
*[[Esophageal surgery]]
**[[Esophageal diverticulectomy]]
**[[Esophagoscopy]]
*[[Jaw surgery]]
**[[Maxillary and mandibular osteotomy]]
**[[Temporomandibular joint surgery]]
*[[Pharyngeal surgery]]
**[[Glossectomy]]
**[[Tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy]]
*[[Nasal surgery]]
**[[Rhinectomy]]
**[[Rhinoplasty and/or septoplasty]]
*[[Neck surgery]]
**[[Brachial cleft cyst excision]]
**[[Cricothyroidotomy]]
**[[Laryngectomy]]
**[[Laryngoplasty]]
**[[Lymph node biopsy]]
**[[Platysmaplasty|Platysmaplasty (Neck lift)]]
**[[Submandibular gland excision]]
**[[Thyroid radiofrequency ablation]]
**[[Tracheal resection]]
**[[Tracheotomy]]
*[[Salivary and parotid surgery]]
**[[Parotidectomy]]
*[[Sinus surgery]]
**[[Functional endoscopic sinus surgery|Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)]]
**[[Maxillectomy]]

==[[:Category:Pediatric surgery|Pediatric surgery]]==
*[[Pediatric cardiac surgery]]
**[[Anastomosis of pulmonary artery to aorta]] (Redirects: [[Damus-Kaye-Stan procedure]])
**[[Ascending aorta to pulmonary artery shunt]] (Redirects: [[Waterson shunt]])
**[[Banding of pulmonary artery]]
**[[Descending aorta to pulmonary artery shunt]] (Redirects: [[Potts-Smith shunt]])
**[[Excision of coarctation of aorta]]
**[[Repair of pulmonary venous stenosis]]
**[[Repair of anomalous pulmonary venous return]]
**[[Repair of hypoplastic or interrupted aortic arch]]
**[[Repair of transposition of the great arteries]]
**[[Repair of truncus arteriosus]] (Redirects: [[Rastelli procedure]])
**[[Repair of patent ductus arteriosus]]
**[[Subclavian to pulmonary artery shunt]] (Redirects: [[Blalock-Taussig shunt]])
**[[Superior vena cava to pulmonary artery]] (Redirects: [[Glenn procedure]])
**Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Implantation
**Cardiac Catheterization
*[[Pediatric neurosurgery]]
*[[Pediatric otorhinolaryngology]]
**[[Myringotomy for ear tubes]]
*[[Pediatric urology]]

==[[:Category:Plastic and reconstructive surgery|Plastic and reconstructive surgery]]==
*[[Burn surgery]]
**[[Burn wound debridement]]
**[[Burn wound skin grafting]]
**[[Burn wound scar revision]]
**[[Laser treatment for burn scar]]
*[[Panniculectomy]]
*[[Platysmaplasty|Platysmaplasty (Neck lift)]]

==[[:Category:Thoracic surgery|Thoracic surgery]]==
*[[Bronchopulmonary lavage]]
*[[Chest wall resection]]
*[[Diaphragmatic plication]]
*[[Drainage of empyema]]
*[[Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration]] (Redirects: [[EBUS-TBNA]])
*[[Lobectomy]] (Redirects: [[Wedge resection]])
*[[Lung volume reduction surgery]]
*[[Mediastinal tumor resection]]
*[[Mediastinoscopy]]
*[[Surgery for pleural mesothelioma|Pleural mesothelioma]]
*[[Pneumonectomy]]
*[[Repair of pectus excavatum or carinatum]]
*[[Thoracoplasty]]
*[[Thymectomy]]
*[[Tracheal resection]]
*[[Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery]] (Redirects: [[VATS]])

==[[:Category:Vascular surgery|Vascular surgery]]==
*[[Arteriovenous access for hemodialysis]]
*[[Carotid endarterectomy|Carotid endarterectomy (CEA)]]
*[[Endovascular aortic repair|Endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR)]]
*[[Infrainguinal arterial bypass]]
*[[Lumbar sympathectomy]]
*[[Permanent vascular access]]
*[[Thoracic outlet syndrome surgery]]
*[[Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts|Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS)]]
*[[Varicose vein stripping and ablation]]

==[[:Category:Urology|Urology]]==
*[[Brachytherapy]]
*[[Circumcision]]
*[[Cystectomy]]
*[[Cystoscopy]]
*[[Kidney transplant]]
*[[Lithotripsy]]
*[[Nephrectomy]]
*[[Nephrostomy]]
*[[Orchiectomy]]
*[[Penectomy]]
*[[Prostatectomy|Prostatectomy (TURP)]]
*[[Pelvic exenteration]]
*[[Suprapubic cystostomy]]
*[[Transurethral resection of bladder tumor|Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT)]]

==[[:Category:Out-of-operating room procedures|Out-of-operating room procedures]]==
*[[Cardioversion]]
*[[Electroconvulsive therapy|Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)]]
*[[Gastroenterology procedures]]
**[[Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography|Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)]]
**[[Colonoscopy]]
**[[Upper GI endoscopy|Upper GI endoscopy (EGD)]]

=[[Airway management]]=
*[[Airway anatomy]]
*[[Airway assessment]]
*[[Aspiration under anesthesia]]
*[[Cormack-Lehane grading system]]
*[[Deep extubation]]
*[[Difficult airway algorithm]]
*[[Endobronchial intubation]] (Redirects: [[Mainstem intubation]])
*[[Mallampati score]]
*[[One-lung ventilation]]
**[[Bronchial blocker]]
**[[Double-lumen endotracheal tube]]
*[[Pediatric airway management]]
*[[Preoxygenation]]
*[[Transtracheal ventilation]]

==[[Airway equipment]]==
*[[Bougie]]
*[[Breathing circuits]] (Redirects: [[Ayre's T-piece]], [[Bain system]], [[Jackson-Rees]], [[Lack system]], [[Magill system]], [[Mapleson A]], [[Mapleson B]], [[Mapleson C]], [[Mapleson D]], [[Mapleson E]], [[Mapleson F]], [[Waters bag]])
*[[Bronchial blocker]]
*Endotracheal tubes
**[[Double-lumen endotracheal tube]] (Redirects: [[DLT]], [[Double-lumen endobronchial tube]])
**[[Endotracheal tube]] (Redirects: [[ETT]])
**[[Electromyographic endotracheal tube]] (Redirects: [[EMG ETT]], [[NIM EMG ETT]])
**[[Laser-resistant endotracheal tube]] (Redirects: [[Laser ETT]])
**[[Microlaryngeal endotracheal tube]] (Redirects: [[Microlaryngoscopy tube]], [[MLT]])
**[[Reinforced endotracheal tube]] (Redirects: [[Armored endotracheal tube]], [[Wire-reinforced endotracheal tube]])
**[[Ring-Adair-Elwyn endotracheal tube]] (Redirects: [[Nasal RAE ETT]], [[Oral RAE ETT]], [[RAE ETT]])
*Laryngoscope blades
**[[Macintosh laryngoscope blade]] (Redirects: [[MAC]])
**[[Miller laryngoscope blade]] (Redirects: [[Miller]])
**[[Wis-Hipple laryngoscope blade]] (Redirects: [[Miller]])
*[[Lighted stylet]] (Redirects: [[Lightwand]])
*[[Magill forceps]]
*Noninvasive ventilation
**[[Bag valve mask]] (Redirects: [[Ambu bag]], [[BVM]])
**[[Nasal cannula]]
**[[Non-rebreather mask]]
**[[High-flow nasal cannula]] (Redirects: [[HFNC]])
*Supraglottic airways
**[[Combitube]] (Redirects: [[Esophageal-tracheal double-lumen tube]])
**[[Laryngeal tube]] (Redirects: [[King LT]])
**[[Nasopharyngeal airway]] (Redirects: [[Nasal airway]])
**[[Oropharyngeal airway]] (Redirects: [[Oral airway]])
**Laryngeal mask airways
***[[Laryngeal mask airway]] (Redirects: [[LMA]])
***[[LMA Fastrach]] (Redirects: [[Intubating LMA]])
***[[LMA ProSeal]]
***[[LMA Unique]]
***[[LMA Supreme]]
***[[I-gel LMA]] (Redirects: [[IGel LMA]])
*[[Video laryngoscopes]]
**[[C-Mac]]
**[[Glidescope]]
*[[Yankauer suction tip]]

==[[:Category:Airway procedures|Airway procedures]]==
*[[Cricothyrotomy]] (Redirects: [[Cric]], [[Crike]], [[Thyrocricotomy]], [[Cricothyroidotomy]], [[Needle cricothyrotomy]])
*[[Endotracheal intubation]] (Redirects: [[Intubation]])
**[[Asleep fiberoptic intubation]]
**[[Awake fiberoptic intubation]]
**[[Nasal intubation]]
**[[Oral intubation]]
**[[Retrograde intubation]]
*[[Laryngoscopy]]
**[[Direct laryngoscopy]] (Redirects: [[DL]])
**[[Indirect laryngoscopy]] (Redirects: [[Fiberoptic laryngoscopy]], [[VL]], [[Video laryngoscopy]])
*[[Tracheotomy]] (Redirects: [[Tracheostomy]])

=Anatomy and physiology=
*[[Acid-base homeostasis]]
*[[Cerebral physiology]]
*[[Consciousness]]
*[[Cardiovascular anatomy and physiology]]
*[[Gastrointestinal physiology]]
*[[Hematology]]
* [[Hepatic physiology]]
* [[Renal physiology]]
* [[Respiratory physiology]]

= [[:Category:Comorbidities|Comorbidities]] =

== [[Acid-base disorders]] ==
* [[Metabolic acidosis]] (Redirects: [[Anion gap metabolic acidosis]], [[Diabetic ketoacidosis]], [[DKA]], [[High anion gap metabolic acidosis]], [[Hyperchloremic acidosis]], [[Ketoacidosis]], [[Lactic acidosis]], [[Nongap metabolic acidosis]], [[Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis]], [[Renal tubular acidosis]], [[RTA]])
* [[Metabolic alkalosis]] (Redirects: [[Contraction alkalosis]])
* [[Respiratory acidosis]]
* [[Respiratory alkalosis]]

== Cardiovascular disorders ==
* [[Acute coronary syndrome]] (Redirects: [[MI]], [[Myocardial infarction]], [[Myocardial ischemia]], [[Unstable angina]])
* [[Angina pectoris]] (Redirects: [[Prinzmetal's angina]], [[Stable angina]])
* [[Aortic aneurysm]] (Redirects: [[AAA]], [[Abdominal aortic aneurysm]], [[Thoracic aortic aneurysm]], [[TAA]], [[Triple A]])
* [[Aortic dissection]] (Redirects: [[Type A dissection]], [[Type B dissection]])
* [[Aortic rupture]]
* [[Arteriovenous malformation]] (Redirects: [[AVM]], [[Cerebral arteriovenous malformation]], [[Cerebral AVM]])
* [[Brugada syndrome]]
* [[Cardiac arrhythmias]]
** [[Asystole]]
** [[Atrial fibrillation]] (Redirects: [[Afib]])
** [[Atrial flutter]] (Redirects: [[Aflutter]])
** [[Bradycardia]] (Redirects: [[Sinus bradycardia]])
** [[Drug-induced QT prolongation]] (Redirects: [[QT prolongation]])
** [[Junctional rhythm]]
** [[Long QT syndrome]] (Redirects: [[Romano-Ward syndrome]])
** [[Pulseless electrical activity]] (Redirects: [[PEA]])
** [[Sick sinus syndrome]] (Redirects: [[Tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome]])
** [[Ventricular fibrillation]]
** [[Wandering atrial pacemaker]]
** [[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]] (Redirects: [[WPW]])
** [[Heart block]] (Redirects: [[Atrioventricular block]], [[AV block]], [[SA block]], [[Sinoatrial block]])
*** [[Bundle branch block]] (Redirects: [[Bifascicular block]])
**** [[Left anterior fascicular block]] (Redirects: [[LAFB]])
**** [[Left bundle branch block]] (Redirects: [[LBBB]])
**** [[Left posterior fascicular block]] (Redirects: [[LPFB]])
**** [[Right bundle branch block]] (Redirects: [[RBBB]])
*** [[First-degree atrioventricular block]] (Redirects: [[1st-degree atrioventricular block]])
*** [[Second-degree atrioventricular block]] (Redirects: [[2nd-degree atrioventricular block]], [[Mobitz I]], [[Mobitz II]], [[Wenckebach block]])
*** [[Third-degree atrioventricular block]] (Redirects: [[3rd-degree atrioventricular block]], [[Complete heart block]], [[Trifascicular block]])
** [[Premature contraction]]
*** [[Premature atrial contraction]] (Redirects: [[PAC]])
*** [[Premature junctional contraction]] (Redirects: [[PJC]])
*** [[Premature ventricular contraction]] (Redirects: [[PVC]])
** [[Tachycardia]]
*** [[Supraventricular tachycardia]] (Redirects: [[SVT]])
**** [[Atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia]] (Redirects: [[AVRT]])
**** [[AV-nodal reentrant tachycardia]] (Redirects: [[AVNRT]])
**** [[Multifocal atrial tachycardia]]
**** [[Sinus tachycardia]]
*** [[Ventricular tachycardia]]
* [[Cardiac tamponade]]
* [[Cardiomyopathy]]
** [[Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy]]
** [[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
** [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] (Redirects: [[HOCM]])
** [[Restrictive cardiomyopathy]]
** [[Takotsubo cardiomyopathy]] (Redirects: [[Broken heart syndrome]], [[Stress cardiomyopathy]])
** [[Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy]]
* Cardiomegaly
** [[Left atrial enlargement]] (Redirects: [[LAE]])
** [[Left ventricular hypertrophy]] (Redirects: [[LVH]])
** [[Right atrial enlargement]] (Redirects: [[RAE]])
** [[Right ventricular hypertrophy]] (Redirects: [[RVH]])
* [[Congenital heart defects]]
** [[Absent pulmonary valve syndrome]]
** [[Aortopulmonary septal defects]]
*** [[Aortopulmonary window]]
*** [[Double outlet right ventricle]] (Redirects: [[DORV]])
*** [[Persistent truncus arteriosus]] (Redirects: [[PTA]])
*** [[Taussig-Bing syndrome]]
*** [[Transposition of the great vessels]] (Redirects: [[d-TGA]], [[dextro-Transposition of the great arteries]], [[l-TGA]], [[levo-Transposition of the great arteries]], [[TGA]], [[TGV]])
** [[Atrial septal defect]] (Redirects: [[ASD]], [[Sinus venosus atrial septal defect]])
** [[Atrioventricular septal defect]] (Redirects: [[Atrioventricular canal defect]], [[Endocardial cushion defect]], [[AVSD]], [[Ostium primum atrial septal defect]])
** [[Bicuspid aortic valve]]
** [[Cor triatriatum]]
** [[Coronary artery anomaly]] (Redirects: [[AAOCA]], [[Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery]])
** [[Crisscross heart]]
** [[Dextrocardia]]
** [[Ebstein's anomaly]]
** [[Hypoplastic left heart syndrome]]
** [[Hypoplastic right heart syndrome]] (Redirects: [[Uhl anomaly]])
** [[Lutembacher's syndrome]]
** [[Tetralogy of Fallot]]
** [[Ventricular inversion]]
** [[Ventricular septal defect]] (Redirects: [[VSD]])
* [[Congenital vascular malformations]]
** [[Aberrant subclavian artery]]
** [[Anomalous pulmonary venous connection]] (Redirects: [[Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection]], [[Scimitar syndrome]], [[Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection]])
** [[Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva]]
** [[Coarctation of the aorta]]
** [[Congenital stenosis of vena cava]]
** [[Double aortic arch]]
** [[Interrupted aortic arch]]
** [[Overriding aorta]]
** [[Patent ductus arteriosus]] (Redirects: [[PDA]])
** [[Persistent left superior vena cava]]
** [[Pulmonary atresia]]
** [[Right-sided aortic arch]]
** [[Stenosis of pulmonary artery]]
** [[Vascular ring]]
* [[Coronary artery disease]] (Redirects: [[CAD]])
* [[Coronary steal syndrome]] (Redirects: [[Cardiac steal syndrome]])
* [[Endocarditis]] (Redirects: [[Acute bacterial endocarditis]], [[Infective endocarditis]], [[Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis]], [[Subacute bacterial endocarditis]])
* [[Heart failure]] (Redirects: [[Biventricular heart failure]], [[CHF]], [[Congestive heart failure]], [[Left-sided heart failure]], [[Right-sided heart failure]])
** [[Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction]] (Redirects: [[HFrEF]], [[Systolic heart failure]])
** [[Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction]] (Redirects: [[HFpEF]], [[Diastolic dysfunction]], [[Diastolic heart failure]])
** [[Pulmonary heart disease]]
* [[Gestational hypertension]]
* [[Hypertension (comorbidity)]] (Redirects: [[Essential hypertension]], [[HTN]])
* [[Pericardial effusion]]
* [[Pericarditis]]
* [[Peripheral artery disease]] (Redirects: [[PAD]])
* [[Pulmonary embolism]] (Redirects: [[PE]])
* [[Pulmonary heart disease]] (Redirects: [[Cor pulmonale]])
* [[Pulmonary hypertension]] (Redirects: [[PAH]], [[PH]], [[Pulmonary arterial hypertension]])
* [[Shock]]
** [[Cardiogenic shock]]
** [[Obstructive shock]]
** [[Distributive shock]] (Redirects: [[Septic shock]])
* [[Valvular heart disease]]
** [[Aortic stenosis|Aortic stenosis]] (Redirects: [[AS]])
** [[Aortic regurgitation]] (Redirects: [[Aortic insufficiency]], [[AR]])
** [[Mitral stenosis]]
** [[Mitral regurgitation]] (Redirects: [[Mitral insufficiency]], [[MR]])
** [[Mitral valve prolapse]] (Redirects: [[MVP]])
** [[Pulmonary valve stenosis]]
** [[Pulmonary valve regurgitation]] (Redirects: [[Pulmonary valve insufficiency]])
** [[Tricuspid stenosis]] (Redirects: [[TS]])
** [[Tricuspid regurgitation]] (Redirects: [[Tricuspid insufficiency]], [[TR]])

== Cerebrovascular disorders ==
* [[Anterior spinal artery syndrome]] (Redirects: [[Beck's syndrome]])
* [[Carotid artery stenosis]]
* [[Moyamoya disease]]
* [[Epidural hematoma]]
* [[Intracranial aneurysm]] (Redirects: [[Berry aneurysm]], [[Saccular aneurysm]])
* [[Intracranial hemorrhage]] (Redirects: [[Intracerebral hemorrhage]], [[Intraparenchymal hemorrhage]], [[Intraventricular hemorrhage]], [[SAH]], [[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]])
* [[Stroke]] (Redirects: [[Cerebral infarction]], [[Cerebrovascular accident]], [[CVA]], [[Hemorrhagic stroke]], [[Ischemic stroke]])
* [[Subdural hematoma]] (Redirects: [[SDH]])
* [[Vertebrobasilar insufficiency]] (Redirects: [[Subclavian steal syndrome]], [[VBI]])

== Electrolyte disorders ==
* [[Hypercalcemia]]
* [[Hyperkalemia]]
* [[Hypernatremia]]
* [[Hypocalcemia]]
* [[Hypokalemia]]
* [[Hyponatremia]] (Redirects: [[Hypotonic hyponatremia]], [[Isotonic hyponatremia]])

== Endocrine disorders ==
* [[Acromegaly]]
* [[Adrenal insufficiency]] (Redirects: [[Addison's disease]])
* [[Carcinoid syndrome]]
* [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]]
* [[Cushing's syndrome]]
* [[Diabetes insipidus]]
* [[Diabetes mellitus]]
** [[Gestational diabetes]]
** [[Type 1 diabetes]] (Redirects: [[DM1]], [[T1D]])
** [[Type 2 diabetes]] (Redirects: [[DM2]], [[T2D]])
* [[Hyperaldosteronism]] (Redirects: [[Bartter syndrome]], [[Conn syndrome]])
* [[Hyperlipidemia]] (Redirects: [[HLD]])
* [[Hyperparathyroidism]]
* [[Hyperthyroidism]] (Redirects: [[Graves' disease]], [[Thyrotoxicosis]])
* [[Hypoaldosteronism]]
* [[Hypoparathyroidism]]
* [[Hypothyroidism]] (Redirects: [[Cretinism]], [[Euthyroid sick syndrome]], [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]], [[Myxedema]])
* [[Kallmann syndrome]]
* [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia]] (Redirects: [[Sipple syndrome]], [[Wagenmann-Froboese syndrome]], [[Wermer syndrome]])
* [[Obesity]]
* [[Pheochromocytoma]]
* [[Porphyria]] (Redirects: [[Acute intermittent porphyria]], [[AIP]])
* [[Serotonin syndrome]]
* [[Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion]] (Redirects: [[SIADH]])

== Gastrointestinal disorders ==
* [[Acute liver failure]] (Redirects: [[ALF]], [[Fulminant hepatic failure]], [[Hepatic encephalopathy]])
* [[Chronic liver disease]]
** [[Cirrhosis]] (Redirects: [[Chronic liver failure]])
** [[Hepatocellular carcinoma]]
* [[Gastroesophageal reflux disease]] (Redirects: [[Acid reflux]], [[GERD]], [[Heartburn]])
* [[Hepatitis]]

== Genetic disorders ==
* [[Amyloidosis]]
* [[Andersen-Tawil syndrome]]
* [[Antithrombin III deficiency]]
* [[Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy]]
* [[Bartter syndrome]]
* [[Bernard-Soulier syndrome]]
* [[Brugada syndrome]]
* [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]]
* [[Congenital afibrinogenemia]]
* [[Crouzon syndrome]]
* [[Cystic fibrosis]] (Redirects: [[CF]])
* [[Down syndrome]] (Redirects: [[Trisomy 21]])
* [[Dysfibrinogenemia]]
* [[Edwards syndrome]] (Redirects: [[Trisomy 18]])
* [[Ehlers-Danlos syndromes]] (Redirects: [[EDS]])
* [[Epidermolysis bullosa]] (Redirects: [[EB]])
* [[Fabry disease]]
* [[Factor V Leiden]]
* [[Fanconi syndrome]]
* [[Friedreich's ataxia]]
* [[Gitelman syndrome]]
* [[Glanzmann's thrombasthenia]]
* [[Glycogen storage disease]] (Redirects: [[Aldolase A deficiency]], [[Andersen disease]], [[Cori's disease]], [[Forbes' disease]], [[Hers' disease]], [[McArdle disease]], [[Pompe disease]], [[Tarui's disease]], [[von Gierke's disease]])
* [[Gray platelet syndrome]]
* [[Hemophilia]]
* [[Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia]] (Redirects: [[HHT]], [[Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome]])
* [[Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome]]
* [[Huntington's disease]]
* [[Hypoprothrombinemia]]
* [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
* [[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]]
* [[Kallmann syndrome]]
* [[Klippel-Feil syndrome]]
* [[Liddle's syndrome]]
* [[Long QT syndrome]]
* [[Marfan syndrome]]
* [[May-Hegglin anomaly]]
* [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia]]
* [[Noonan syndrome]]
* [[Pierre Robin sequence]]
* [[Protein C deficiency]]
* [[Protein S deficiency]]
* [[Loeys-Dietz syndrome]]
* [[Muscular dystrophy]] (Redirects: [[Becker muscular dystrophy]], [[Duchenne muscular dystrophy]], [[Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy]], [[Myotonic muscular dystrophy]])
* [[Neurofibromatosis]]
* [[Mucopolysaccharidosis]] (Redirects: [[Hunter syndrome]], [[Hurler syndrome]], [[Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome]], [[Morquio syndrome]], [[Natowicz syndrome]], [[Sanfilippo syndrome]], [[Scheie syndrome]], [[Sly syndrome]])
* [[Sickle cell disease]]
* [[Timothy syndrome]]
* [[Treacher Collins syndrome]]
* [[VACTERL association]]
* [[von Willebrand disease]]

== Head and neck disorders ==
* [[Epiglottitis]]
* [[Laryngomalacia]]
* [[Laryngotracheal stenosis]]
* [[Pharyngeal abscess]] (Redirects: [[Peritonsillar abscess]], [[Retropharyngeal abscess]])
* [[Pharyngitis]] (Redirects: [[Strep throat]], [[Tonsillitis]])

== Hematologic disorders ==
* [[Coagulopathies]]
** [[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]] (Redirects: [[DIC]], [[Purpura fulminans]])
** Hypercoagulable disorders
*** [[Antiphospholipid syndrome]] (Redirects: [[APLS]], [[APS]])
*** [[Antithrombin III deficiency]] (Redirects: [[ATIII deficiency]])
*** [[Essential thrombocythemia]]
*** [[Factor V Leiden]]
*** [[Protein C deficiency]]
*** [[Protein S deficiency]]
** Hypocoagulable disorders
*** [[Evans syndrome]]
*** [[Bernard-Soulier syndrome]]
*** [[Congenital afibrinogenemia]]
*** [[Dysfibrinogenemia]]
*** [[Glanzmann's thrombasthenia]]
*** [[Gray platelet syndrome]]
*** [[Hemophilia]] (Redirects: [[Factor IX deficiency]], [[Factor VII deficiency]], [[Factor VIII deficiency]], [[Factor X deficiency]], [[Factor XI deficiency]], [[Factor XII deficiency]], [[Factor XIII deficiency]], [[Haemophilia]], [[Hemophilia A]], [[Hemophilia B]], [[Hemophilia C]])
*** [[Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia]] (Redirects: [[HIT]], [[HITT]])
*** [[Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome]]
*** [[Hypoprothrombinemia]]
*** [[Thrombocytopenic purpura]] (Redirects: [[Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura]], [[ITP]], [[Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic purpura]], [[TTP]], [[Upshaw–Schulman syndrome]])
*** [[May-Hegglin anomaly]]
*** [[von Willebrand disease]] (Redirects: [[vWD]])

== Mediastinal disorders ==
* [[Mediastinal mass]]
* [[Mediastinitis]]
* [[Pneumomediastinum]] (Redirects: [[Mediastinal emphysema]])

== Musculoskeletal disorders ==
* Congenital musculoskeletal disorders
** [[Craniosynostosis]]
** [[Down syndrome]]
** [[Goldenhar syndrome]]
** [[Klippel-Feil syndrome]] (Redirects: [[KFS]])
** [[Pierre Robin sequence]] (Redirects: [[PRS]])
** [[Treacher Collins syndrome]] (Redirects: [[TCS]])

== [[Neonatal emergencies]] ==
* [[Abdominal wall defects]]
** [[Gastroschisis]]
** [[Omphalocele]]
* [[Choanal atresia]]
* [[Congenital diaphragmatic hernia]]
* [[Esophageal atresia]]
* [[Intestinal obstruction]]
** [[Congenital aganglionic megacolon]] (Redirects: [[Hirschsprung's disease]])
** [[Intestinal atresia]]
** [[Intestinal malrotation]] (Redirects: [[Volvulus]]
** [[Meconium ileus]]
* [[Necrotizing enterocolitis]] (Redirects: [[NEC]])
* [[Pyloric stenosis]]
* [[Spina bifida]]
* [[Tracheoesophageal fistula]]

== Neurologic disorders ==
* [[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]] (Redirects: [[ALS]])
* [[Autonomic dysreflexia]]
* [[Chronic pain (comorbidity)]]
* [[Dementia]]
* [[Dysautonomia]]
* [[Essential tremor]]
* [[Huntington's disease]]
* [[Multiple sclerosis]]
* [[Myasthenia gravis]]
* [[Parkinson's disease]]
* [[Seizures]] (Redirects: [[Epilepsy]])
* [[Stroke]]

== Obstetric disorders==
* [[Amniotic fluid embolism]] (Redirects: [[AFE]])
* [[Ectopic pregnancy]]
* [[Fetal distress]]
* [[Gestational hypertension]]
* [[Gestational diabetes]]
* [[Nuchal cord]]
* [[HELLP syndrome]]
* [[Obstetrical bleeding]]
* [[Placenta accreta spectrum]] (Redirects: [[Accreta]], [[Increta]], [[Percreta]], [[Placenta accreta]], [[Placenta increta]], [[Placenta percreta]])
* [[Umbilical cord prolapse]]
* [[Uterine rupture]]
* [[Vasa previa]]

== Psychiatric disorders ==
* [[Generalized Anxiety disorder]] (Redirects: [[Anxiety]], [[GAD]])
* [[Major depressive disorder]] (Redirects: [[Depression]], [[MDD]])
* [[Substance abuse]] (Redirects: [[Drug abuse]])

== Pulmonary disorders ==
* [[Acute respiratory distress syndrome]] (Redirect: [[ARDS]])
* [[Asthma]]
* [[Atelectasis]]
* [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] (Redirects: [[COPD]])
* [[Cystic fibrosis]]
* [[Lung cancer]]
* [[Obstructive sleep apnea]] (Redirects: [[OSA]])
* [[Pleural effusion]]
* [[Pneumonia]]
* [[Pneumothorax]]
* [[Pulmonary edema]]
* [[Pulmonary embolism]] (Redirects: [[PE]])
* [[Pulmonary hypertension]]
* [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (Redirects: [[Coronavirus]], [[COVID-19]], [[SARS-CoV-2]])

== Renal disorders ==
* [[Acute renal failure]]
* [[Bartter syndrome]]
* [[Diabetes insipidus]]
* [[Chronic kidney disease]] (Redirects: [[CKD]])
* [[Fanconi syndrome]]
* [[Gitelman syndrome]]
* [[Liddle's syndrome]]
* [[Uremia]]

=Perioperative management=
*[[Enhanced recovery after surgery|Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS)]]
*[[Perioperative prevention of chronic pain]]
*[[Perioperative visual loss]]
==Preoperative management==
*[[Preoperative patient assessment]]
*[[Preoperative medication management|Preoperative medication management]]
*[[NPO guidelines]]
==Postoperative management==
*[[Postoperative pain management]]
===Postoperative complications===
*[[Dental injury]]
*[[Intraoperative awareness]]
*[[Postoperative nausea and vomiting|Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV)]]
*[[Residual neuromuscular blockade]]

=Intraoperative emergencies=
*[[Acute coronary syndrome]] (Redirects: [[MI]], [[Myocardial infarction]], [[Myocardial ischemia]])
*[[Amniotic fluid embolism]] (Redirects: [[AFE]])
*[[Anaphylaxis]]
*[[Asystole]]
*[[Bradycardia (intraoperative emergency)]]
*[[Bronchospasm]]
*[[Cardiac arrest]]
*[[Delayed emergence]]
*[[Difficult airway algorithm]]
*[[Fire (intraoperative emergency)]] (Redirects: [[Airway fire]])
*[[Hypertension (intraoperative emergency)]]
*[[Hypotension (intraoperative emergency)]]
*[[Hypoxemia (intraoperative emergency)]]
*[[Laryngospasm]]
*[[Local anesthetic systemic toxicity]] (Redirects: [[LAST]])
*[[Malignant Hyperthermia]]
*[[Oxygen failure]]
*[[Pneumothorax]]
*[[Power failure]]
*[[Total spinal anesthesia]]
*[[Transfusion reaction]]
*[[Pulseless electrical activity]] (Redirects: [[PEA arrest]])
*[[Supraventricular tachycardia (intraoperative emergency)]] (Redirects: [[SVT (intraoperative emergency)]])
*[[Venous air embolism]] (Redirects: [[VAE]])
*[[Ventricular fibrillation]] (Redirects: [[VF]], [[Vfib]])
*[[Ventricular tachycardia]] (Redirects: [[Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia]], [[Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia]], [[Torsades de pointes]], [[VT]], [[Vtach]])

=Intraoperative monitoring=
*[[Arterial blood pressure]] (Redirects: [[ABP]])
*[[Capnography]] (Redirects: [[End-tidal CO2]], [[EtCO2]])
*[[Central venous pressure]] (Redirects: [[CVP]])
*[[Cerebral oximetry]] (Redirects: [[ScO2]])
*[[Core temperature]]
*[[Echocardiography]]
**[[Transesophageal echocardiography]] (Redirects: [[TEE]])
**[[Transthoracic echocardiography]] (Redirects: [[TTE]])
*[[Electrocardiography]] (Redirects: [[5-lead electrocardiogram]], [[ECG]])
*[[Electroencephalography]] (Redirects: [[BIS]], [[Bispectral index]], [[EEG]], [[Entropy monitoring]], [[Patient state index]], [[PSI]], [[SedLine]], [[Spectral edge frequency]])
*[[Intracranial pressure]] (Redirects: [[ICP]])
*[[Neuromonitoring]]
**[[Brainstem auditory evoked potentials]] (Redirects: [[BAEPs]])
**[[Motor evoked potentials]] (Redirects: [[MEPs]])
**[[Somatosensory evoked potentials]] (Redirects: [[SSEPs]])
**[[Visual evoked potentials]] (Redirects: [[VEPs]])
*[[Pleth variability index]] (Redirects: [[PVI]])
*[[Pulse oximetry]] (Redirects: [[Plethysmography]], [[SpO2]])
*[[Pulse pressure variation]] (Redirects: [[PPV]])
*[[Precordial doppler]]
*[[Pulmonary artery pressure]] (Redirects: [[PAP]])
*[[Peripheral IV]] (Redirects: [[IV]], [[Large bore IV]], [[PIV]])
*[[Urine output]] (Redirects: [[UOP]])

= Neuraxial and regional anesthesia =
* [[Local anesthetics]]
* [[Local anesthetic adjuvants]]
* [[Local anesthetic toxicity]] (Redirects: [[LAST]])

==[[Neuraxial anesthesia]]==
*[[Caudal anesthesia]]
*[[Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia]] (Redirects: [[CSE]])
*[[Epidural anesthesia]] (Redirects: [[Epidural]])
**[[Lumbar epidural]]
**[[Thoracic epidural]]
*[[Post-dural-puncture headache]] (Redirects: [[PDPH]])
*[[Spinal anesthesia]] (Redirects: [[Spinal]])
*[[Total spinal anesthesia]]

== [[Regional anesthesia]] ==
* [[Bier block]]
* [[Local anesthetics]]
* [[Local anesthetic adjuvants]]

=== [[Head and neck nerve blocks]] ===
* [[Blocks for awake tracheal intubation]]
* [[Cervical plexus block]]
* [[Scalp block]]

=== [[Upper extremity nerve blocks]] ===
* [[Blocks at the elbow]]
* [[Brachial plexus blocks]]
** [[Interscalene block]]
** [[Supraclavicular block]]
** [[Infraclavicular block]]
** [[Axillary block]]
* [[Digital block]]
* [[Wrist block]]

=== [[Thoracic and abdominal wall blocks]] ===
* [[Intercostal nerve block]]
* [[Pectoralis nerve block]]
* [[Quadratus lumborum block]] (Redirects: [[QL block]])
* [[Serratus plane block]]
* [[Transversus abdominis plane block]] (Redirects: [[TAP block]])
* [[Truncal block]] (Redirects: [[Iliohypogastric nerve block]], [[Ilioinguinal nerve block]], [[Rectus sheath block]])

=== [[Lower extremity nerve blocks]] ===
* [[Ankle block]]
* [[Fascia iliaca block]]
* [[Femoral nerve block]]
* [[Lumbar plexus block]]
* [[Obturator nerve block]]
* [[Popliteal nerve block]]
* [[Saphenous nerve block]]
* [[Sciatic nerve block]]

= Pharmacology =
* [[Equianalgesic]] (Redirects: [[MME]], [[Morphine milligram equivalent]])
* [[Pharmacodynamics]]
* [[Pharmacokinetics]]
** [[Blood-gas partition coefficient]]
** [[Context sensitive half-life]]
** [[Drug metabolism]]
** [[Elimination]]
** [[Ion trapping]]
** [[Redistribution]]

== Drug reference ==
=== Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors ===
* [[Edrophonium]]
* [[Neostigmine]] (Redirects: [[Bloxiverz]])
* [[Physostigmine]]

=== [[Adrenergic receptor modulators]] ===
Redirects: [[Alpha agonists]], [[Alpha antagonists]], [[Beta agonists]]
* Alpha-1 agonists
** [[Ephedrine]]
** [[Epinephrine]] (Redirects: [[Adrenaline]])
** [[Norepinephrine]] (Redirects: [[Noradrenaline]])
** [[Phenylephrine]] (Redirects: [[Neosynephrine]])
* Alpha-1 antagonists
** [[Labetalol]]
** [[Phenoxybenzamine]]
** [[Phentolamine]]
* Alpha-2 agonists
** [[Clonidine]] (Redirects: [[Catapres]])
** [[Dexmedetomidine]] (Redirects: [[Precedex]])
* Beta agonists
** Beta-1 selective agonists
*** [[Dobutamine]]
** [[Ephedrine]]
** [[Epinephrine]]
** [[Isoprenaline]] (Redirects: [[Isoproterenol]])
** [[Norepinephrine]]
* [[Beta blockers]] (Redirects: [[Beta antagonists]])
** Beta-1 selective antagonists
*** [[Esmolol]] (Redirects: [[Brevibloc]])
*** [[Metoprolol]]
** [[Labetalol]]

=== [[Analgesics]] ===
* [[Acetaminophen]] (Redirects: [[Tylenol]])
* [[Analgesic adjuvants]]
** [[Gabapentin]] (Redirects: [[Neurontin]])
** [[Ketamine]]
** [[Lidocaine]]
** [[Pregabalin]] (Redirects: [[Lyrica]])
* [[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]] (Redirects: [[NSAIDs]])
** [[Aspirin]] (Redirects: [[Acetylsalicylic acid]])
** [[Celecoxib]] (Redirects: [[Celebrex]])
** [[Ibuprofen]]
** [[Ketorolac]] (Redirects: [[Toradol]])
* [[Opioid analgesics]]
** [[Alfentanil]]
** [[Buprenorphine]]
** [[Codeine]]
** [[Fentanyl]]
** [[Hydrocodone]]
** [[Hydromorphone]]
** [[Methadone]]
** [[Meperidine]]
** [[Morphine]]
** [[Oxycodone]]
** [[Remifentanil]]
** [[Sufentanil]]

=== [[Antibiotics]] ===
* [[Cefazolin]] (Redirects: [[Ancef]], [[Kefzol]])
* [[Clindamycin]] (Redirects: [[Cleocin]])
* [[Vancomycin]]

=== Anticholinergics ===
* [[Atropine]]
* [[Glycopyrrolate]]

=== Antidotes ===
* [[Andexanet alfa]] (Redirects: [[Andexxa]])
* [[Atropine]]
* [[Dantrolene]]
* [[Flumazenil]]
* [[Glucagon]]
* [[Hydroxocobalamin]] (Redirects: [[Vitamin B12]])
* [[Idarucizumab]] (Redirects: [[Praxbind]])
* [[Methylene blue]] (Redirects: [[Methylthioninium chloride]])
* [[Physostigmine]]
* [[Naloxone]]
* [[Protamine]]
* [[Sugammadex]] (Redirects: [[Bridion]])

=== [[Antiemetics]] ===
* [[Aprepitant]] (Redirects: [[Fosaprepitant]], [[Emend]])
* [[Dexamethasone]]
* [[Granisetron]] (Redirects: [[Kytril]])
* [[Haloperidol]] (Redirects: [[Haldol]])
* [[Metoclopramide]] (Redirects: [[Reglan]])
* [[Ondansetron]] (Redirects: [[Zofran]])
* [[Prochlorperazine]] (Redirects: [[Compazine]])
* [[Promethazine]] (Redirects: [[Phenergan]])
* [[Propofol]]
* [[Scopolamine]] (Redirects: [[Hyoscine]])

=== Antifibrinolytics ===
* [[Tranexamic acid]] (Redirects: [[TXA]])

=== Antihistamines ===
* [[Diphenhydramine]] (Redirects: [[Benadryl]])
* [[Famotidine]] (Redirects: [[Pepcid]])

=== Antithrombotics ===
* Antiplatelet drugs
** [[Aspirin]]
** [[Clopidogrel]] (Redirects: [[Plavix]])
** [[Ticagrelor]] (Redirects: [[Brilinta]])
* Anticoagulants
** [[Apixaban]] (Redirects: [[Eliquis]])
** [[Argatroban]]
** [[Dabigatran]] (Redirects: [[Pradaxa]])
** [[Fondaparinux]]
** [[Heparin]]
** [[Low-molecular-weight heparin]] (Redirects: [[Enoxaparin]], [[Lovenox]], [[LMWH]])
** [[Rivaroxaban]] (Redirects: [[Xarelto]])
** [[Warfarin]] (Redirects: [[Coumadin]])
* Thrombolytics
** [[Tissue plasminogen activator]] (Redirects: [[Alteplase]], [[tPA]])
** [[Streptokinase]]

=== Anxiolytics ===
* [[Diazepam]]
* [[Lorazepam]]
* [[Midazolam]]

=== Benzodiazepines ===
* [[Diazepam]] (Redirects: [[Valium]])
* [[Flumazenil]]
* [[Lorazepam]] (Redirects: [[Ativan]])
* [[Midazolam]] (Redirects: [[Versed]])

=== [[Chronotropes]] ===
Redirects: [[Negative chronotropes]], [[Positive chronotropes]]
* Negative chronotropes
** [[Adenosine]]
** [[Beta blockers]]
*** [[Esmolol]]
*** [[Labetalol]]
*** [[Metoprolol]]
* Positive chronotropes
** [[Atropine]]
** [[Dobutamine]]
** [[Dopamine]]
** [[Ephedrine]]
** [[Epinephrine]]
** [[Glycopyrrolate]]
** [[Isoprenaline]]
** [[Milrinone]]
** [[Norepinephrine]]

* Electrolytes
** [[Calcium chloride]]
** [[Calcium gluconate]]
** [[Magnesium sulfate]]
** [[Potassium chloride]]

=== Diuretics ===

* [[Furosemide]]
* [[Mannitol]]

=== [[General anesthetics]] ===
* [[Inhalational anesthestics]] (Redirects: [[Volatile anesthetics]])
** [[Chloroethane]] (Redirects: [[Ethyl chloride]])
** [[Chloroform]]
** [[Cyclopropane]]
** [[Desflurane]] (Redirects: [[Suprane]])
** [[Diethyl ether]] (Redirects: [[Ether]])
** [[Enflurane]]
** [[Halothane]] (Redirects: [[Fluothane]])
** [[Isoflurane]] (Redirects: [[Forane]])
** [[Methoxyflurane]]
** [[Nitrous oxide]]
** [[Sevoflurane]] (Redirects: [[Ultane]])
** [[Xenon]]
* [[Intravenous anesthetics]]
** [[Etomidate]] (Redirects: [[Amidate]])
** [[Ketamine]] (Redirects: [[Esketamine]], [[Ketalar]])
** [[Methohexital]] (Redirects: [[Brevital]])
** [[Propofol]] (Redirects: [[Diprivan]])
** [[Thiopental]] (Redirects: [[Sodium pentothal]])

=== Imaging dyes ===
* [[Fluorescein]]
* [[Indocyanine green]]
* [[Methylene blue]] (Redirects: [[Methylthioninium chloride]])

=== [[Inodilators]] ===
* [[Dobutamine]]
* [[Milrinone]] (Redirects: [[Primacor]])

=== [[Inotropes]] ===
Redirects: [[Negative inotropes]], [[Positive inotropes]]
* Negative inotropes
** [[Beta blockers]]
* Positive inotropes
** [[Calcium chloride]]
** [[Calcium gluconate]]
** [[Dobutamine]]
** [[Dopamine]]
** [[Ephedrine]]
** [[Epinephrine]]
** [[Isoprenaline]]
** [[Milrinone]]
** [[Norepinephrine]]

=== [[Intravenous fluids]] ===
* [[Albumin]]
* [[Hetastarch]] (Redirects: [[Hydroxyethyl starch]])
* [[Intravenous sugar solution]] (Redirects: [[D5]], [[D50]], [[D5W]], [[D5NS]], [[D5LR]])
* [[Normal saline]] (Redirects: [[NS]])
* [[Lactated Ringer's]] (Redirects: [[LR]])
* [[Normosol]]
* [[Plasma-lyte]]
* [[Sodium bicarbonate]]

=== [[Local anesthetics]] ===
* [[Benzocaine]]
* [[Bupivacaine]] (Redirects: [[Marcaine]])
* [[Chloroprocaine]] (Redirects: [[Nesacaine]])
* [[Procaine]] (Redirects: [[Novocain]], [[Novocaine]])
* [[Lidocaine]] (Redirects: [[Xylocaine]])
* [[Mepivacaine]] (Redirects: [[Carbocaine]])
* [[Ropivacaine]] (Redirects: [[Naropin]])
* [[Tetracaine]]

=== [[Local anesthetic adjuvants]] ===
* [[Clonidine]]
* [[Epinephrine]]
* [[Fentanyl]]
* [[Hydromorphone]]
* [[Ketamine]]
* [[Midazolam]]
* [[Morphine]]
* [[Neostigmine]]
* [[Sufentanil]]
* [[Sodium bicarbonate]]

=== [[Neuromuscular blockers]] ===
* [[Cisatracurium]] (Redirects: [[Nimbex]])
* [[Mivacurium]]
* [[Rocuronium]] (Redirects: [[Zemuron]])
* [[Succinylcholine]] (Redirects: [[Anectine]])
* [[Vecuronium]]

=== [[Opioids]] ===
* [[Opioid analgesics]]
** Opium alkaloids and derivatives
*** [[Buprenorphine]] (Redirects: [[Subutex]])
*** [[Codeine]]
*** [[Hydrocodone]] (Redirects: [[Vicodin]])
*** [[Hydromorphone]] (Redirects: [[Dilaudid]])
*** [[Morphine]]
*** [[Oxycodone]] (Redirects: [[Oxycontin]], [[Roxicodone]])
** Synthetic opioids
*** [[Alfentanil]] (Redirects: [[Alfenta]])
*** [[Fentanyl]] (Redirects: [[Sublimaze]])
*** [[Methadone]]
*** [[Meperidine]] (Redirects: [[Demerol]], [[Pethidine]])
*** [[Remifentanil]] (Redirects: [[Ultiva]])
*** [[Sufentanil]] (Redirects: [[Sufenta]])
** [[Tramadol]] (Redirects: [[Ultram]])
* Opioid antagonists
** [[Naloxone]] (Redirects: [[Narcan]])
** [[Naltrexone]]
* [[Buprenorphine/naltrexone]] (Redirects: [[Suboxone]])

=== [[Sedative hypnotics]] ===
* [[Dexmedetomidine]]
* [[Etomidate]]
* [[Ketamine]]
* [[Methohexital]]
* [[Midazolam]]
* [[Propofol]]
* [[Thiopental]]

=== Steroids ===
* [[Dexamethasone]] (Redirects: [[Decadron]])
* [[Hydrocortisone]]

=== [[Uterotonics]] ===
* [[Carboprost]] (Redirects: [[Hemabate]])
* [[Methylergometrine]] (Redirects: [[Methergine]], [[Methylergonovine]])
* [[Misoprostol]] (Redirects: [[Cytotec]])
* [[Oxytocin]] (Redirects: [[Pitocin]])

=== [[Vasodilators]] ===
* Calcium channel blockers
** [[Clevidipine]] (Redirects: [[Cleviprex]])
** [[Nicardipine]] (Redirects: [[Cardene]])
** [[Nimodipine]] (Redirects: [[Nimotop]])
* Nitrovasodilators
** [[Nitric oxide]] (Redirects: [[NO]])
** [[Nitroglycerin]]
** [[Nitroprusside]] (Redirects: [[Nipride]], [[SNP]], [[Sodium nitroprusside]])
* Pulmonary vasodilators
** [[Nitric oxide]] (Redirects: [[NO]])
** [[Epoprostenol]] (Redirects: [[Flolan]], [[Prostacyclin]], [[Prostaglandin I2]])
* [[Dobutamine]]
* [[Fenoldopam]] (Redirects: [[Corlopam]])
* [[Hydralazine]]
* [[Milrinone]]
* [[Sildenafil]] (Redirects: [[Revatio]], [[Viagra]])

=== [[Vasoconstrictors]] ===
* [[Ephedrine]]
* [[Epinephrine]]
* [[Phenylephrine]]
* [[Norepinephrine]]
* [[Dopamine]]
* [[Vasopressin]] (Redirects: [[Vasostrict]])

=== Other drugs ===
* [[Octreotide]]

=[[:Category:Transfusion medicine|Transfusion medicine]]=
==[[:Category:Blood products|Blood products]]==
*[[Packed red blood cells|Packed red blood cells (pRBCs)]]
*[[Fresh frozen plasma|Fresh frozen plasma (FFP)]]
*[[Platelets]]
*[[Cryoprecipitate]]

=Procedures in anesthesia =
*[[Airway procedures]]
*[[Neuraxial anesthesia]]
*[[Regional anesthesia]]
*Vascular access procedures
**[[Arterial line]]
**Central line
***[[Central venous catheter|Central venous catheter (CVC)]]
***[[Introducer sheath|Introducer sheath (Cordis)]]
***[[Peripherally inserted central catheter|Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC)]]
**[[Peripheral IV|Peripheral IV (PIV)]]
**Midline Catheter
**[[Microintroducer]]
**[[Rapid infusion catheter|Rapid infusion catheter (RIC)]]

=[[Subspecialties in anesthesia]]=
*[[Cardiothoracic anesthesia]]
*[[Critical care medicine]]
*[[Neuroanesthesia]]
*[[Obstetric anesthesia]]
*[[Pain medicine]]
*[[Pediatric anesthesia]]
*[[Pediatric cardiac anesthesia]]
*[[Perioperative medicine]]
*[[Regional anesthesia and acute pain]]
*[[Transplant anesthesia]]

Anterior cervical spine surgery

2022-06-23T00:46:55Z

WikiAnesthesia:

{{Infobox surgical case reference
| anesthesia_type = General
| airway = ETT
| lines_access = PIV, possible arterial line
| monitors = Standard, possible invasive BP monitoring, possible neuromonitoring
| considerations_preoperative = Neck ROM, preoperative neurologic exam
| considerations_intraoperative = TIVA for neuromonitoring
| considerations_postoperative =
}}

Provide a brief summary here.

== Overview ==

=== Indications ===

=== Surgical procedure ===

== Preoperative management ==

=== Patient evaluation ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!System
!Considerations
|-
|Airway
|Potentially limited neck ROM related to pain, trauma, or mechanical stabilization devices leading to more challenging airway. Potential unstable cervical spine, instrumentation could cause permanent paralysis. Consider awake intubation if high concern for unstable spine or difficult airway.
|-
|Neurologic
|Possible preexisting motor and/or sensory deficits, particularly in the upper extremities. These symptoms may be exacerbated by head/neck positioning. May have chronic pain.
|-
|Cardiovascular
|Intraoperative bradycardia related to traction on the carotid bulb.
|-
|Pulmonary
|Limited neck ROM related to pain or structural changes can cause difficult laryngoscopy. Recurrent laryngeal nerve potentially at risk of damage intraop.
|-
|Gastrointestinal
|
|-
|Hematologic
|
|-
|Renal
|
|-
|Endocrine
|
|-
|Other
|
|}

=== Labs and studies ===

=== Operating room setup ===

=== Patient preparation and premedication ===

=== Regional and neuraxial techniques ===

== Intraoperative management ==

=== Monitoring and access ===

=== Induction and airway management ===
Potentially limited neck ROM related to pain, trauma, or mechanical stabilization devices leading to more challenging airway. Potential unstable cervical spine, instrumentation could cause permanent paralysis. Consider awake intubation if high concern for unstable spine or difficult airway. Consider neuro exam following awake intubation if concern for cervical spine injury.

=== Positioning ===
Positioned supine, typically on a doughnut gel pillow to facilitate neck positioning.

=== Maintenance and surgical considerations ===

* Neuromonitoring may be used to detect potential nerve/spinal cord injury. In these cases, surgical teams typically require no paralytic and frequently request TIVA techniques to minimize the affect of anesthetic on neuromonitoring.

=== Emergence ===

== Postoperative management ==

=== Disposition ===

=== Pain management ===

=== Potential complications ===

* Neck hematoma
* Airway edema
* Injury to cranial nerves, recurrent laryngeal nerve, and/or superior laryngeal nerve
* Dural tear

== Procedure variants ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Variant 1
!Variant 2
|-
|Unique considerations
|
|
|-
|Position
|
|
|-
|Surgical time
|
|
|-
|EBL
|
|
|-
|Postoperative disposition
|
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|Pain management
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|Potential complications
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|}

== References ==

[[Category:Surgical procedures]]

Fixation of fractures and dislocations of the wrist and hand

2022-06-23T00:46:45Z

WikiAnesthesia:

{{Infobox surgical procedure
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| airway =
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| monitors =
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Provide a brief summary here.

== Overview ==

=== Indications ===

=== Surgical procedure ===

== Preoperative management ==

=== Patient evaluation ===
{| class="wikitable"
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=== Labs and studies ===

=== Operating room setup ===

=== Patient preparation and premedication ===

=== Regional and neuraxial techniques ===

== Intraoperative management ==

=== Monitoring and access ===

=== Induction and airway management ===

=== Positioning ===

=== Maintenance and surgical considerations ===

=== Emergence ===

== Postoperative management ==

=== Disposition ===

=== Pain management ===

=== Potential complications ===

== Procedure variants ==

{| class="wikitable wikitable-horizontal-scroll"
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!Variant 1
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|Unique considerations
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|Position
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|EBL
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== References ==

[[Category:Surgical procedures]]

2022-06-23T00:43:57Z

WikiAnesthesia:

The '''table of contents''' is a non-comprehensive list of articles the editors of WikiAnesthesia feel should exist and will continuously evolve as the site grows from contributions from the anesthesia community.

Links which are '''blue''' already exist on the wiki (but would surely benefit from additions and revisions). Links which are '''red''' do not currently exist as articles on the site. Articles may exist in more than one location in the table of contents.

Please see our '''[[WikiAnesthesia:Author guide|author guide]]''' for instructions on how to start editing content on the site.

If you add a new article which is not currently listed but has a natural place in the table of contents, please edit this list to include it. We kindly ask that you do not make major changes to the table of contents before running it by an [{{fullurl:Special:ListUsers|group=editor}} editor] first.
=[[:Category:Surgical procedures|Surgical procedures]]=

==[[:Category:Cardiac surgery|Cardiac surgery]]==
*[[Aortic procedures]]
**[[Aortoplasty for supravalvular stenosis]]
**[[Repair of aortic aneurysm with graft]]
*[[Circulatory assist procedures]]
**[[Cardiopulmonary bypass|Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)]]
**[[Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation|Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)]]
**[[Insertion of permanently implantable aortic counterpulsation ventricular assist device|Insertion of permanently implantable aortic counterpulsation ventricular assist device (VAD)]]
**[[Insertion of percutaneous ventricular assist device|Insertion of percutaneous ventricular assist device (pVAD)]]
**[[Implantation of total replacement heart system]]
*[[Electrophysiology procedures]]
**[[Insertion of pacemaker or ICD]]
**[[Intracardiac catheter ablation for the treatment of arrhythmia]]
**[[Loop recorder implantation]]
*[[Myocardial procedures]]
**[[Excision of intracardiac tumor]]
**[[Ventriculomyotomy]]
**[[Ventricular aneurysmectomy]]
*[[Cardiac revascularization procedures]]
**[[Coronary artery bypass graft|Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)]]
**[[Off-pump and minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting|Off-pump and minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB)]]
**[[Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty|Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)]]
**[[Transmyocardial laser revascularization]]
**[[Coronary endarterectomy]]
*[[Pericardial procedures]]
**[[Pericardiocentesis]]
**[[Pericardiectomy]]
*[[Septal procedures]]
**[[Septal myectomy/myotomy]]
**[[Transcatheter closure of ASD or VSD]]
**[[Open repair of ASD or VSD]]
*Transplant procedures
**[[Heart transplant]]
**[[Heart-lung transplant]]
**[[Lung transplant]]
*[[Valvular procedures]]
**[[Transcatheter aortic valve replacement|Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)]]
**[[Transcatheter mitral valve replacement|Transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR)]]
**[[Aortic valve repair or replacement|Aortic valve repair or replacement (AVR)]]
**[[Mitral valve repair or replacement|Mitral valve repair or replacement (MVR)]]
**[[Tricuspid valve repair or replacement]]
**[[Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty]]

==[[:Category:General surgery|General surgery]]==
*[[Biliary tract surgery]]
**[[Cholecystectomy]]
**[[Excision of bile duct tumor]]
**[[Choledochal cyst excision or anastomosis]]
**[[Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage]]
**[[Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography]]
**[[Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography]]
*[[Breast surgery]]
**[[Mastectomy]]
**[[Breast biopsy]]
**[[Breast lumpectomy]]
**[[Sentinel lymph node biopsy]]
*[[Colorectal surgery]]
**[[Anorectal surgery]]
***[[Hemorrhoidectomy]]
***[[Lateral internal sphincterotomy]]
***[[Incision and drainage of perianal abscess]]
***[[High resolution anoscopy|High resolution anoscopy (HRA)]]
***[[Sacral nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence]]
**[[Colectomy]]
**[[Pelvic exenteration]]
**[[Proctectomy]]
**[[Rectal prolapse surgery]]
***[[Mucosal sleeve resection|Mucosal sleeve resection (Delorme Procedure)]]
***[[Perineal rectosigmoidectomy]]
***[[Rectopexy]]
*[[Endocrine surgery]]
**[[Adrenalectomy]]
***[[Excision of pheochromocytoma]]
**[[Thyroidectomy]]
**[[Parathyroidectomy]]
*[[Esophageal surgery]]
**[[Cervical esophagostomy]]
**[[Esophagectomy]]
***[[Thoracoabdominal esophagectomy]]
***[[Minimally invasive esophagectomy]]
***[[Transhiatal esophagectomy]]
***[[Ivor Lewis esophagectomy]]
***[[McKeown esophagectomy]]
**[[Esophageal diverticulectomy]]
***[[Zenker's divericulectomy]]
**[[Esophagomyotomy]]
***[[Heller myotomy]]
**[[Esophagastric fundoplication]]
***[[Nissen fundoplication]]
**[[Surgical repair of esophageal perforation or rupture]]
*[[Hepatic surgery]]
**[[Hepatic resection]]
**[[Hepatorrhaphy]]
**[[Liver transplant]]
*[[Intestinal surgery]]
**[[Appendectomy]]
**[[Closure of enteric fistula]]
**[[Duodenotomy]]
**[[Enterolysis procedure|Enterolysis procedure (Lysis of adhesions)]]
**[[Inguinal hernia repair]]
**[[Meckel's diverticulectomy]]
**[[Ostomy procedure]]
**[[Small bowel resection]]
**[[Ventral hernia repair]]
*[[Pancreatic surgery]]
**[[Pancreatectomy]]
**[[Pancreaticoduodenectomy|Pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure)]]
*[[Splenic surgery]]
**[[Splenectomy]]
**[[Splenorrhaphy|Splenorrhaphy (Repair of ruptured spleen)]]
*[[Stomach surgery]]
**[[Gastric resection|Gastric resection (Gastrectomy)]]
**[[Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy|Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG)]]
**[[Gastric or duodenal perforation repair]]
**[[Bariatric surgery]]
***[[Gastric bypass surgery]]
****[[Roux-en-Y gastric bypass]]
****[[Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch|Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD/DS)]]
***[[Gastric restrictive surgery]]
****[[Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding]]
****[[Open vertical sleeve gastrectomy]]
*[[Trauma surgery]]
*[[Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy surgery|Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy surgery (HIPEC)]]

==[[:Category:Interventional radiology procedures|Interventional radiology procedures]]==

==[[:Category:Oral and maxillofacial surgery|Oral and maxillofacial surgery]]==
*[[Dental extraction]]

==[[:Category:Neurosurgery|Neurosurgery]]==
*[[Functional neurosurgery]]
**[[Deep brain stimulation|Deep brain stimulation (DBS)]]
**[[Vagus nerve stimulation|Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)]]
**[[Responsive neurostimulation|Responsive neurostimulation (RNS)]]
*[[Intracranial neurosurgery]]
**[[Awake craniotomy|Awake craniotomy]]
**[[Bifrontal craniotomy for CSF leak]]
**[[Craniotomy for intracranial aneurysm]]
**[[Craniotomy for cerebral embolectomy]]
**[[Craniotomy for intracranial vascular malformations]]
**[[Craniotomy for extracranial-intracranial revascularization|Craniotomy for extracranial-intracranial revascularization (EC-IC bypass)]]
**[[Craniotomy for tumor resection]]
**[[Craniotomy for trauma]]
**[[Transphenoidal resection of pituitary tumor]]
**[[Craniotomy for resection of epileptogenic focus]]
*[[Spinal neurosurgery]]
**[[Anterior cervical spine surgery]]
**[[Posterior cervical spine surgery]]
**[[Anterior thoracic spine surgery]]
**[[Posterior thoracic spine surgery]]
**[[Anterior lumbar/lumbosacral spine surgery]]
**[[Posterior lumbar/lumbosacral spine surgery]]
*[[CSF aspiration, diversion, or shunt procedures]]
**[[Ventriculocisternostomy|Ventriculocisternostomy (Torkildsen shunt)]]
**[[Ventriculoperitoneal shunt|Ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VP shunt)]]
**[[Ventriculoatrial shunt|Ventriculoatrial shunt (VA shunt)]]
*[[Carotid endarterectomy|Carotid endarterectomy (CEA)]]
*Neuro interventional radiology procedures
**[[Cerebral angiogram]]

==[[:Category:Obstetric and gynecologic surgery|Obstetric and gynecologic surgery]]==
*[[Cesarean section]]
*[[Dilation and curettage|Dilation and curettage (D&C)]]
*[[Endometrial ablation]]
*[[Hysterectomy|Hysterectomy (TAH)]]
*[[Hysteroscopy]]
*[[Myomectomy|Myomectomy (Fibroidectomy)]]
*[[Oophorectomy|Oophorectomy (BSO)]]
*[[Ovarian torsion surgery]]
*[[Pelvic exenteration]]
*[[Tubal ligation]]
*[[Vaginectomy]]

==[[:Category:Ophthalmology|Ophthalmology]]==
*[[Cataract surgery|Cataract surgery]]
*[[Corneal transplant]]
*[[Traveculectomy]]
*[[Ectropion repair]]
*[[Entropion repair]]
*[[Ptosis repair]]
*[[Eyelid reconstruction]]
*[[Pterygium excision]]
*[[Repair of ruptured of lacerated globe]]
*[[Dacryocystorhinostomy|Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)]]
*[[Enucleation]]
*[[Orbitotomy]]

==[[:Category:Orthopedic surgery|Orthopedic surgery]]==
*[[Foot and ankle surgery]]
*[[Hand surgery]]
**[[Hand or digit replantation]]
**[[Carpal tunnel release]]
**[[Fixation of fractures and dislocations of the wrist and hand]]
**[[Wrist arthroscopy]]
**[[Darrach procedure]]
**[[Arthrodesis of the wrist]]
**[[Excision of ganglion of the wrist]]
**[[Palmar and digital fasciectomy]]
**[[Repair of laceracted nerves/tendons of the hand]]
*[[Hip surgery]]
**[[Hip arthroplasty|Hip arthroplasty (THA)]]
*[[Lower leg surgery]]
**[[Open reduction and interal fixation of the tibial plateau fracture]]
*[[Joint replacement surgery]]
**[[Hip arthroplasty|Hip arthroplasty (THA)]]
**[[Knee arthroplasty|Knee arthroplasty (TKA)]]
**[[Shoulder arthroplasty|Shoulder arthroplasty (TSA)]]
*[[Knee surgery]]
**[[Knee arthroplasty|Knee arthroplasty (TKA)]]
*[[Orthopedic oncology surgery]]
*[[Shoulder surgery]]
**[[Shoulder arthroplasty|Shoulder arthroplasty (TSA)]]
*[[Spine surgery]]
*[[Sports surgery]]

==[[:Category:Otolaryngology|Otolaryngology]]==
*Airway procedures
**[[Bronchoscopy]]
**[[Deep extubation]]
**[[Laryngoscopy]]
*[[Ear, audiovestibular, and temporal bone procedures]]
**[[Cochlear implant surgery]]
**[[Tympanoplasty and/or mastoidectomy]]
*[[Esophageal surgery]]
**[[Esophageal diverticulectomy]]
**[[Esophagoscopy]]
*[[Pharyngeal surgery]]
**[[Glossectomy]]
**[[Tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy]]
*[[Nasal surgery]]
**[[Rhinectomy]]
**[[Rhinoplasty and/or septoplasty]]
*[[Neck surgery]]
**[[Brachial cleft cyst excision]]
**[[Cricothyroidotomy]]
**[[Laryngectomy]]
**[[Laryngoplasty]]
**[[Lymph node biopsy]]
**[[Platysmaplasty|Platysmaplasty (Neck lift)]]
**[[Submandibular gland excision]]
**[[Thyroid radiofrequency ablation]]
**[[Tracheal resection]]
**[[Tracheotomy]]
*[[Salivary and parotid surgery]]
**[[Parotidectomy]]
*[[Sinus surgery]]
**[[Functional endoscopic sinus surgery|Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)]]
**[[Maxillectomy]]

==[[:Category:Pediatric surgery|Pediatric surgery]]==
*[[Pediatric cardiac surgery]]
**[[Anastomosis of pulmonary artery to aorta]] (Redirects: [[Damus-Kaye-Stan procedure]])
**[[Ascending aorta to pulmonary artery shunt]] (Redirects: [[Waterson shunt]])
**[[Banding of pulmonary artery]]
**[[Descending aorta to pulmonary artery shunt]] (Redirects: [[Potts-Smith shunt]])
**[[Excision of coarctation of aorta]]
**[[Repair of pulmonary venous stenosis]]
**[[Repair of anomalous pulmonary venous return]]
**[[Repair of hypoplastic or interrupted aortic arch]]
**[[Repair of transposition of the great arteries]]
**[[Repair of truncus arteriosus]] (Redirects: [[Rastelli procedure]])
**[[Repair of patent ductus arteriosus]]
**[[Subclavian to pulmonary artery shunt]] (Redirects: [[Blalock-Taussig shunt]])
**[[Superior vena cava to pulmonary artery]] (Redirects: [[Glenn procedure]])
**Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Implantation
**Cardiac Catheterization
*[[Pediatric neurosurgery]]
*[[Pediatric otorhinolaryngology]]
**[[Myringotomy for ear tubes]]
*[[Pediatric urology]]

==[[:Category:Plastic and reconstructive surgery|Plastic and reconstructive surgery]]==
*[[Burn surgery]]
**[[Burn wound debridement]]
**[[Burn wound skin grafting]]
**[[Burn wound scar revision]]
**[[Laser treatment for burn scar]]
*[[Panniculectomy]]
*[[Platysmaplasty|Platysmaplasty (Neck lift)]]

==[[:Category:Thoracic surgery|Thoracic surgery]]==
*[[Bronchopulmonary lavage]]
*[[Chest wall resection]]
*[[Diaphragmatic plication]]
*[[Drainage of empyema]]
*[[Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration]] (Redirects: [[EBUS-TBNA]])
*[[Lobectomy]] (Redirects: [[Wedge resection]])
*[[Lung volume reduction surgery]]
*[[Mediastinal tumor resection]]
*[[Mediastinoscopy]]
*[[Surgery for pleural mesothelioma|Pleural mesothelioma]]
*[[Pneumonectomy]]
*[[Repair of pectus excavatum or carinatum]]
*[[Thoracoplasty]]
*[[Thymectomy]]
*[[Tracheal resection]]
*[[Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery]] (Redirects: [[VATS]])

==[[:Category:Vascular surgery|Vascular surgery]]==
*[[Arteriovenous access for hemodialysis]]
*[[Carotid endarterectomy|Carotid endarterectomy (CEA)]]
*[[Endovascular aortic repair|Endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR)]]
*[[Infrainguinal arterial bypass]]
*[[Lumbar sympathectomy]]
*[[Permanent vascular access]]
*[[Thoracic outlet syndrome surgery]]
*[[Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts|Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS)]]
*[[Varicose vein stripping and ablation]]

==[[:Category:Urology|Urology]]==
*[[Brachytherapy]]
*[[Circumcision]]
*[[Cystectomy]]
*[[Cystoscopy]]
*[[Kidney transplant]]
*[[Lithotripsy]]
*[[Nephrectomy]]
*[[Nephrostomy]]
*[[Orchiectomy]]
*[[Penectomy]]
*[[Prostatectomy|Prostatectomy (TURP)]]
*[[Pelvic exenteration]]
*[[Suprapubic cystostomy]]
*[[Transurethral resection of bladder tumor|Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT)]]

==[[:Category:Out-of-operating room procedures|Out-of-operating room procedures]]==
*[[Cardioversion]]
*[[Electroconvulsive therapy|Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)]]
*[[Gastroenterology procedures]]
**[[Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography|Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)]]
**[[Colonoscopy]]
**[[Upper GI endoscopy|Upper GI endoscopy (EGD)]]

=[[Airway management]]=
*[[Airway anatomy]]
*[[Airway assessment]]
*[[Aspiration under anesthesia]]
*[[Cormack-Lehane grading system]]
*[[Deep extubation]]
*[[Difficult airway algorithm]]
*[[Endobronchial intubation]] (Redirects: [[Mainstem intubation]])
*[[Mallampati score]]
*[[One-lung ventilation]]
**[[Bronchial blocker]]
**[[Double-lumen endotracheal tube]]
*[[Pediatric airway management]]
*[[Preoxygenation]]
*[[Transtracheal ventilation]]

==[[Airway equipment]]==
*[[Bougie]]
*[[Breathing circuits]] (Redirects: [[Ayre's T-piece]], [[Bain system]], [[Jackson-Rees]], [[Lack system]], [[Magill system]], [[Mapleson A]], [[Mapleson B]], [[Mapleson C]], [[Mapleson D]], [[Mapleson E]], [[Mapleson F]], [[Waters bag]])
*[[Bronchial blocker]]
*Endotracheal tubes
**[[Double-lumen endotracheal tube]] (Redirects: [[DLT]], [[Double-lumen endobronchial tube]])
**[[Endotracheal tube]] (Redirects: [[ETT]])
**[[Electromyographic endotracheal tube]] (Redirects: [[EMG ETT]], [[NIM EMG ETT]])
**[[Laser-resistant endotracheal tube]] (Redirects: [[Laser ETT]])
**[[Microlaryngeal endotracheal tube]] (Redirects: [[Microlaryngoscopy tube]], [[MLT]])
**[[Reinforced endotracheal tube]] (Redirects: [[Armored endotracheal tube]], [[Wire-reinforced endotracheal tube]])
**[[Ring-Adair-Elwyn endotracheal tube]] (Redirects: [[Nasal RAE ETT]], [[Oral RAE ETT]], [[RAE ETT]])
*Laryngoscope blades
**[[Macintosh laryngoscope blade]] (Redirects: [[MAC]])
**[[Miller laryngoscope blade]] (Redirects: [[Miller]])
**[[Wis-Hipple laryngoscope blade]] (Redirects: [[Miller]])
*[[Lighted stylet]] (Redirects: [[Lightwand]])
*[[Magill forceps]]
*Noninvasive ventilation
**[[Bag valve mask]] (Redirects: [[Ambu bag]], [[BVM]])
**[[Nasal cannula]]
**[[Non-rebreather mask]]
**[[High-flow nasal cannula]] (Redirects: [[HFNC]])
*Supraglottic airways
**[[Combitube]] (Redirects: [[Esophageal-tracheal double-lumen tube]])
**[[Laryngeal tube]] (Redirects: [[King LT]])
**[[Nasopharyngeal airway]] (Redirects: [[Nasal airway]])
**[[Oropharyngeal airway]] (Redirects: [[Oral airway]])
**Laryngeal mask airways
***[[Laryngeal mask airway]] (Redirects: [[LMA]])
***[[LMA Fastrach]] (Redirects: [[Intubating LMA]])
***[[LMA ProSeal]]
***[[LMA Unique]]
***[[LMA Supreme]]
***[[I-gel LMA]] (Redirects: [[IGel LMA]])
*[[Video laryngoscopes]]
**[[C-Mac]]
**[[Glidescope]]
*[[Yankauer suction tip]]

==[[:Category:Airway procedures|Airway procedures]]==
*[[Cricothyrotomy]] (Redirects: [[Cric]], [[Crike]], [[Thyrocricotomy]], [[Cricothyroidotomy]], [[Needle cricothyrotomy]])
*[[Endotracheal intubation]] (Redirects: [[Intubation]])
**[[Asleep fiberoptic intubation]]
**[[Awake fiberoptic intubation]]
**[[Nasal intubation]]
**[[Oral intubation]]
**[[Retrograde intubation]]
*[[Laryngoscopy]]
**[[Direct laryngoscopy]] (Redirects: [[DL]])
**[[Indirect laryngoscopy]] (Redirects: [[Fiberoptic laryngoscopy]], [[VL]], [[Video laryngoscopy]])
*[[Tracheotomy]] (Redirects: [[Tracheostomy]])

=Anatomy and physiology=
*[[Acid-base homeostasis]]
*[[Cerebral physiology]]
*[[Consciousness]]
*[[Cardiovascular anatomy and physiology]]
*[[Gastrointestinal physiology]]
*[[Hematology]]
* [[Hepatic physiology]]
* [[Renal physiology]]
* [[Respiratory physiology]]

= [[:Category:Comorbidities|Comorbidities]] =

== [[Acid-base disorders]] ==
* [[Metabolic acidosis]] (Redirects: [[Anion gap metabolic acidosis]], [[Diabetic ketoacidosis]], [[DKA]], [[High anion gap metabolic acidosis]], [[Hyperchloremic acidosis]], [[Ketoacidosis]], [[Lactic acidosis]], [[Nongap metabolic acidosis]], [[Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis]], [[Renal tubular acidosis]], [[RTA]])
* [[Metabolic alkalosis]] (Redirects: [[Contraction alkalosis]])
* [[Respiratory acidosis]]
* [[Respiratory alkalosis]]

== Cardiovascular disorders ==
* [[Acute coronary syndrome]] (Redirects: [[MI]], [[Myocardial infarction]], [[Myocardial ischemia]], [[Unstable angina]])
* [[Angina pectoris]] (Redirects: [[Prinzmetal's angina]], [[Stable angina]])
* [[Aortic aneurysm]] (Redirects: [[AAA]], [[Abdominal aortic aneurysm]], [[Thoracic aortic aneurysm]], [[TAA]], [[Triple A]])
* [[Aortic dissection]] (Redirects: [[Type A dissection]], [[Type B dissection]])
* [[Aortic rupture]]
* [[Arteriovenous malformation]] (Redirects: [[AVM]], [[Cerebral arteriovenous malformation]], [[Cerebral AVM]])
* [[Brugada syndrome]]
* [[Cardiac arrhythmias]]
** [[Asystole]]
** [[Atrial fibrillation]] (Redirects: [[Afib]])
** [[Atrial flutter]] (Redirects: [[Aflutter]])
** [[Bradycardia]] (Redirects: [[Sinus bradycardia]])
** [[Drug-induced QT prolongation]] (Redirects: [[QT prolongation]])
** [[Junctional rhythm]]
** [[Long QT syndrome]] (Redirects: [[Romano-Ward syndrome]])
** [[Pulseless electrical activity]] (Redirects: [[PEA]])
** [[Sick sinus syndrome]] (Redirects: [[Tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome]])
** [[Ventricular fibrillation]]
** [[Wandering atrial pacemaker]]
** [[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]] (Redirects: [[WPW]])
** [[Heart block]] (Redirects: [[Atrioventricular block]], [[AV block]], [[SA block]], [[Sinoatrial block]])
*** [[Bundle branch block]] (Redirects: [[Bifascicular block]])
**** [[Left anterior fascicular block]] (Redirects: [[LAFB]])
**** [[Left bundle branch block]] (Redirects: [[LBBB]])
**** [[Left posterior fascicular block]] (Redirects: [[LPFB]])
**** [[Right bundle branch block]] (Redirects: [[RBBB]])
*** [[First-degree atrioventricular block]] (Redirects: [[1st-degree atrioventricular block]])
*** [[Second-degree atrioventricular block]] (Redirects: [[2nd-degree atrioventricular block]], [[Mobitz I]], [[Mobitz II]], [[Wenckebach block]])
*** [[Third-degree atrioventricular block]] (Redirects: [[3rd-degree atrioventricular block]], [[Complete heart block]], [[Trifascicular block]])
** [[Premature contraction]]
*** [[Premature atrial contraction]] (Redirects: [[PAC]])
*** [[Premature junctional contraction]] (Redirects: [[PJC]])
*** [[Premature ventricular contraction]] (Redirects: [[PVC]])
** [[Tachycardia]]
*** [[Supraventricular tachycardia]] (Redirects: [[SVT]])
**** [[Atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia]] (Redirects: [[AVRT]])
**** [[AV-nodal reentrant tachycardia]] (Redirects: [[AVNRT]])
**** [[Multifocal atrial tachycardia]]
**** [[Sinus tachycardia]]
*** [[Ventricular tachycardia]]
* [[Cardiac tamponade]]
* [[Cardiomyopathy]]
** [[Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy]]
** [[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
** [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] (Redirects: [[HOCM]])
** [[Restrictive cardiomyopathy]]
** [[Takotsubo cardiomyopathy]] (Redirects: [[Broken heart syndrome]], [[Stress cardiomyopathy]])
** [[Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy]]
* Cardiomegaly
** [[Left atrial enlargement]] (Redirects: [[LAE]])
** [[Left ventricular hypertrophy]] (Redirects: [[LVH]])
** [[Right atrial enlargement]] (Redirects: [[RAE]])
** [[Right ventricular hypertrophy]] (Redirects: [[RVH]])
* [[Congenital heart defects]]
** [[Absent pulmonary valve syndrome]]
** [[Aortopulmonary septal defects]]
*** [[Aortopulmonary window]]
*** [[Double outlet right ventricle]] (Redirects: [[DORV]])
*** [[Persistent truncus arteriosus]] (Redirects: [[PTA]])
*** [[Taussig-Bing syndrome]]
*** [[Transposition of the great vessels]] (Redirects: [[d-TGA]], [[dextro-Transposition of the great arteries]], [[l-TGA]], [[levo-Transposition of the great arteries]], [[TGA]], [[TGV]])
** [[Atrial septal defect]] (Redirects: [[ASD]], [[Sinus venosus atrial septal defect]])
** [[Atrioventricular septal defect]] (Redirects: [[Atrioventricular canal defect]], [[Endocardial cushion defect]], [[AVSD]], [[Ostium primum atrial septal defect]])
** [[Bicuspid aortic valve]]
** [[Cor triatriatum]]
** [[Coronary artery anomaly]] (Redirects: [[AAOCA]], [[Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery]])
** [[Crisscross heart]]
** [[Dextrocardia]]
** [[Ebstein's anomaly]]
** [[Hypoplastic left heart syndrome]]
** [[Hypoplastic right heart syndrome]] (Redirects: [[Uhl anomaly]])
** [[Lutembacher's syndrome]]
** [[Tetralogy of Fallot]]
** [[Ventricular inversion]]
** [[Ventricular septal defect]] (Redirects: [[VSD]])
* [[Congenital vascular malformations]]
** [[Aberrant subclavian artery]]
** [[Anomalous pulmonary venous connection]] (Redirects: [[Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection]], [[Scimitar syndrome]], [[Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection]])
** [[Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva]]
** [[Coarctation of the aorta]]
** [[Congenital stenosis of vena cava]]
** [[Double aortic arch]]
** [[Interrupted aortic arch]]
** [[Overriding aorta]]
** [[Patent ductus arteriosus]] (Redirects: [[PDA]])
** [[Persistent left superior vena cava]]
** [[Pulmonary atresia]]
** [[Right-sided aortic arch]]
** [[Stenosis of pulmonary artery]]
** [[Vascular ring]]
* [[Coronary artery disease]] (Redirects: [[CAD]])
* [[Coronary steal syndrome]] (Redirects: [[Cardiac steal syndrome]])
* [[Endocarditis]] (Redirects: [[Acute bacterial endocarditis]], [[Infective endocarditis]], [[Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis]], [[Subacute bacterial endocarditis]])
* [[Heart failure]] (Redirects: [[Biventricular heart failure]], [[CHF]], [[Congestive heart failure]], [[Left-sided heart failure]], [[Right-sided heart failure]])
** [[Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction]] (Redirects: [[HFrEF]], [[Systolic heart failure]])
** [[Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction]] (Redirects: [[HFpEF]], [[Diastolic dysfunction]], [[Diastolic heart failure]])
** [[Pulmonary heart disease]]
* [[Gestational hypertension]]
* [[Hypertension (comorbidity)]] (Redirects: [[Essential hypertension]], [[HTN]])
* [[Pericardial effusion]]
* [[Pericarditis]]
* [[Peripheral artery disease]] (Redirects: [[PAD]])
* [[Pulmonary embolism]] (Redirects: [[PE]])
* [[Pulmonary heart disease]] (Redirects: [[Cor pulmonale]])
* [[Pulmonary hypertension]] (Redirects: [[PAH]], [[PH]], [[Pulmonary arterial hypertension]])
* [[Shock]]
** [[Cardiogenic shock]]
** [[Obstructive shock]]
** [[Distributive shock]] (Redirects: [[Septic shock]])
* [[Valvular heart disease]]
** [[Aortic stenosis|Aortic stenosis]] (Redirects: [[AS]])
** [[Aortic regurgitation]] (Redirects: [[Aortic insufficiency]], [[AR]])
** [[Mitral stenosis]]
** [[Mitral regurgitation]] (Redirects: [[Mitral insufficiency]], [[MR]])
** [[Mitral valve prolapse]] (Redirects: [[MVP]])
** [[Pulmonary valve stenosis]]
** [[Pulmonary valve regurgitation]] (Redirects: [[Pulmonary valve insufficiency]])
** [[Tricuspid stenosis]] (Redirects: [[TS]])
** [[Tricuspid regurgitation]] (Redirects: [[Tricuspid insufficiency]], [[TR]])

== Cerebrovascular disorders ==
* [[Anterior spinal artery syndrome]] (Redirects: [[Beck's syndrome]])
* [[Carotid artery stenosis]]
* [[Moyamoya disease]]
* [[Epidural hematoma]]
* [[Intracranial aneurysm]] (Redirects: [[Berry aneurysm]], [[Saccular aneurysm]])
* [[Intracranial hemorrhage]] (Redirects: [[Intracerebral hemorrhage]], [[Intraparenchymal hemorrhage]], [[Intraventricular hemorrhage]], [[SAH]], [[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]])
* [[Stroke]] (Redirects: [[Cerebral infarction]], [[Cerebrovascular accident]], [[CVA]], [[Hemorrhagic stroke]], [[Ischemic stroke]])
* [[Subdural hematoma]] (Redirects: [[SDH]])
* [[Vertebrobasilar insufficiency]] (Redirects: [[Subclavian steal syndrome]], [[VBI]])

== Electrolyte disorders ==
* [[Hypercalcemia]]
* [[Hyperkalemia]]
* [[Hypernatremia]]
* [[Hypocalcemia]]
* [[Hypokalemia]]
* [[Hyponatremia]] (Redirects: [[Hypotonic hyponatremia]], [[Isotonic hyponatremia]])

== Endocrine disorders ==
* [[Acromegaly]]
* [[Adrenal insufficiency]] (Redirects: [[Addison's disease]])
* [[Carcinoid syndrome]]
* [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]]
* [[Cushing's syndrome]]
* [[Diabetes insipidus]]
* [[Diabetes mellitus]]
** [[Gestational diabetes]]
** [[Type 1 diabetes]] (Redirects: [[DM1]], [[T1D]])
** [[Type 2 diabetes]] (Redirects: [[DM2]], [[T2D]])
* [[Hyperaldosteronism]] (Redirects: [[Bartter syndrome]], [[Conn syndrome]])
* [[Hyperlipidemia]] (Redirects: [[HLD]])
* [[Hyperparathyroidism]]
* [[Hyperthyroidism]] (Redirects: [[Graves' disease]], [[Thyrotoxicosis]])
* [[Hypoaldosteronism]]
* [[Hypoparathyroidism]]
* [[Hypothyroidism]] (Redirects: [[Cretinism]], [[Euthyroid sick syndrome]], [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]], [[Myxedema]])
* [[Kallmann syndrome]]
* [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia]] (Redirects: [[Sipple syndrome]], [[Wagenmann-Froboese syndrome]], [[Wermer syndrome]])
* [[Obesity]]
* [[Pheochromocytoma]]
* [[Porphyria]] (Redirects: [[Acute intermittent porphyria]], [[AIP]])
* [[Serotonin syndrome]]
* [[Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion]] (Redirects: [[SIADH]])

== Gastrointestinal disorders ==
* [[Acute liver failure]] (Redirects: [[ALF]], [[Fulminant hepatic failure]], [[Hepatic encephalopathy]])
* [[Chronic liver disease]]
** [[Cirrhosis]] (Redirects: [[Chronic liver failure]])
** [[Hepatocellular carcinoma]]
* [[Gastroesophageal reflux disease]] (Redirects: [[Acid reflux]], [[GERD]], [[Heartburn]])
* [[Hepatitis]]

== Genetic disorders ==
* [[Amyloidosis]]
* [[Andersen-Tawil syndrome]]
* [[Antithrombin III deficiency]]
* [[Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy]]
* [[Bartter syndrome]]
* [[Bernard-Soulier syndrome]]
* [[Brugada syndrome]]
* [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]]
* [[Congenital afibrinogenemia]]
* [[Crouzon syndrome]]
* [[Cystic fibrosis]] (Redirects: [[CF]])
* [[Down syndrome]] (Redirects: [[Trisomy 21]])
* [[Dysfibrinogenemia]]
* [[Edwards syndrome]] (Redirects: [[Trisomy 18]])
* [[Ehlers-Danlos syndromes]] (Redirects: [[EDS]])
* [[Epidermolysis bullosa]] (Redirects: [[EB]])
* [[Fabry disease]]
* [[Factor V Leiden]]
* [[Fanconi syndrome]]
* [[Friedreich's ataxia]]
* [[Gitelman syndrome]]
* [[Glanzmann's thrombasthenia]]
* [[Glycogen storage disease]] (Redirects: [[Aldolase A deficiency]], [[Andersen disease]], [[Cori's disease]], [[Forbes' disease]], [[Hers' disease]], [[McArdle disease]], [[Pompe disease]], [[Tarui's disease]], [[von Gierke's disease]])
* [[Gray platelet syndrome]]
* [[Hemophilia]]
* [[Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia]] (Redirects: [[HHT]], [[Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome]])
* [[Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome]]
* [[Huntington's disease]]
* [[Hypoprothrombinemia]]
* [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
* [[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]]
* [[Kallmann syndrome]]
* [[Klippel-Feil syndrome]]
* [[Liddle's syndrome]]
* [[Long QT syndrome]]
* [[Marfan syndrome]]
* [[May-Hegglin anomaly]]
* [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia]]
* [[Noonan syndrome]]
* [[Pierre Robin sequence]]
* [[Protein C deficiency]]
* [[Protein S deficiency]]
* [[Loeys-Dietz syndrome]]
* [[Muscular dystrophy]] (Redirects: [[Becker muscular dystrophy]], [[Duchenne muscular dystrophy]], [[Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy]], [[Myotonic muscular dystrophy]])
* [[Neurofibromatosis]]
* [[Mucopolysaccharidosis]] (Redirects: [[Hunter syndrome]], [[Hurler syndrome]], [[Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome]], [[Morquio syndrome]], [[Natowicz syndrome]], [[Sanfilippo syndrome]], [[Scheie syndrome]], [[Sly syndrome]])
* [[Sickle cell disease]]
* [[Timothy syndrome]]
* [[Treacher Collins syndrome]]
* [[VACTERL association]]
* [[von Willebrand disease]]

== Head and neck disorders ==
* [[Epiglottitis]]
* [[Laryngomalacia]]
* [[Laryngotracheal stenosis]]
* [[Pharyngeal abscess]] (Redirects: [[Peritonsillar abscess]], [[Retropharyngeal abscess]])
* [[Pharyngitis]] (Redirects: [[Strep throat]], [[Tonsillitis]])

== Hematologic disorders ==
* [[Coagulopathies]]
** [[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]] (Redirects: [[DIC]], [[Purpura fulminans]])
** Hypercoagulable disorders
*** [[Antiphospholipid syndrome]] (Redirects: [[APLS]], [[APS]])
*** [[Antithrombin III deficiency]] (Redirects: [[ATIII deficiency]])
*** [[Essential thrombocythemia]]
*** [[Factor V Leiden]]
*** [[Protein C deficiency]]
*** [[Protein S deficiency]]
** Hypocoagulable disorders
*** [[Evans syndrome]]
*** [[Bernard-Soulier syndrome]]
*** [[Congenital afibrinogenemia]]
*** [[Dysfibrinogenemia]]
*** [[Glanzmann's thrombasthenia]]
*** [[Gray platelet syndrome]]
*** [[Hemophilia]] (Redirects: [[Factor IX deficiency]], [[Factor VII deficiency]], [[Factor VIII deficiency]], [[Factor X deficiency]], [[Factor XI deficiency]], [[Factor XII deficiency]], [[Factor XIII deficiency]], [[Haemophilia]], [[Hemophilia A]], [[Hemophilia B]], [[Hemophilia C]])
*** [[Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia]] (Redirects: [[HIT]], [[HITT]])
*** [[Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome]]
*** [[Hypoprothrombinemia]]
*** [[Thrombocytopenic purpura]] (Redirects: [[Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura]], [[ITP]], [[Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic purpura]], [[TTP]], [[Upshaw–Schulman syndrome]])
*** [[May-Hegglin anomaly]]
*** [[von Willebrand disease]] (Redirects: [[vWD]])

== Mediastinal disorders ==
* [[Mediastinal mass]]
* [[Mediastinitis]]
* [[Pneumomediastinum]] (Redirects: [[Mediastinal emphysema]])

== Musculoskeletal disorders ==
* Congenital musculoskeletal disorders
** [[Craniosynostosis]]
** [[Down syndrome]]
** [[Goldenhar syndrome]]
** [[Klippel-Feil syndrome]] (Redirects: [[KFS]])
** [[Pierre Robin sequence]] (Redirects: [[PRS]])
** [[Treacher Collins syndrome]] (Redirects: [[TCS]])

== [[Neonatal emergencies]] ==
* [[Abdominal wall defects]]
** [[Gastroschisis]]
** [[Omphalocele]]
* [[Choanal atresia]]
* [[Congenital diaphragmatic hernia]]
* [[Esophageal atresia]]
* [[Intestinal obstruction]]
** [[Congenital aganglionic megacolon]] (Redirects: [[Hirschsprung's disease]])
** [[Intestinal atresia]]
** [[Intestinal malrotation]] (Redirects: [[Volvulus]]
** [[Meconium ileus]]
* [[Necrotizing enterocolitis]] (Redirects: [[NEC]])
* [[Pyloric stenosis]]
* [[Spina bifida]]
* [[Tracheoesophageal fistula]]

== Neurologic disorders ==
* [[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]] (Redirects: [[ALS]])
* [[Autonomic dysreflexia]]
* [[Chronic pain (comorbidity)]]
* [[Dementia]]
* [[Dysautonomia]]
* [[Essential tremor]]
* [[Huntington's disease]]
* [[Multiple sclerosis]]
* [[Myasthenia gravis]]
* [[Parkinson's disease]]
* [[Seizures]] (Redirects: [[Epilepsy]])
* [[Stroke]]

== Obstetric disorders==
* [[Amniotic fluid embolism]] (Redirects: [[AFE]])
* [[Ectopic pregnancy]]
* [[Fetal distress]]
* [[Gestational hypertension]]
* [[Gestational diabetes]]
* [[Nuchal cord]]
* [[HELLP syndrome]]
* [[Obstetrical bleeding]]
* [[Placenta accreta spectrum]] (Redirects: [[Accreta]], [[Increta]], [[Percreta]], [[Placenta accreta]], [[Placenta increta]], [[Placenta percreta]])
* [[Umbilical cord prolapse]]
* [[Uterine rupture]]
* [[Vasa previa]]

== Psychiatric disorders ==
* [[Generalized Anxiety disorder]] (Redirects: [[Anxiety]], [[GAD]])
* [[Major depressive disorder]] (Redirects: [[Depression]], [[MDD]])
* [[Substance abuse]] (Redirects: [[Drug abuse]])

== Pulmonary disorders ==
* [[Acute respiratory distress syndrome]] (Redirect: [[ARDS]])
* [[Asthma]]
* [[Atelectasis]]
* [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] (Redirects: [[COPD]])
* [[Cystic fibrosis]]
* [[Lung cancer]]
* [[Obstructive sleep apnea]] (Redirects: [[OSA]])
* [[Pleural effusion]]
* [[Pneumonia]]
* [[Pneumothorax]]
* [[Pulmonary edema]]
* [[Pulmonary embolism]] (Redirects: [[PE]])
* [[Pulmonary hypertension]]
* [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (Redirects: [[Coronavirus]], [[COVID-19]], [[SARS-CoV-2]])

== Renal disorders ==
* [[Acute renal failure]]
* [[Bartter syndrome]]
* [[Diabetes insipidus]]
* [[Chronic kidney disease]] (Redirects: [[CKD]])
* [[Fanconi syndrome]]
* [[Gitelman syndrome]]
* [[Liddle's syndrome]]
* [[Uremia]]

=Perioperative management=
*[[Enhanced recovery after surgery|Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS)]]
*[[Perioperative prevention of chronic pain]]
*[[Perioperative visual loss]]
==Preoperative management==
*[[Preoperative patient assessment]]
*[[Preoperative medication management|Preoperative medication management]]
*[[NPO guidelines]]
==Postoperative management==
*[[Postoperative pain management]]
===Postoperative complications===
*[[Dental injury]]
*[[Intraoperative awareness]]
*[[Postoperative nausea and vomiting|Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV)]]
*[[Residual neuromuscular blockade]]

=Intraoperative emergencies=
*[[Acute coronary syndrome]] (Redirects: [[MI]], [[Myocardial infarction]], [[Myocardial ischemia]])
*[[Amniotic fluid embolism]] (Redirects: [[AFE]])
*[[Anaphylaxis]]
*[[Asystole]]
*[[Bradycardia (intraoperative emergency)]]
*[[Bronchospasm]]
*[[Cardiac arrest]]
*[[Delayed emergence]]
*[[Difficult airway algorithm]]
*[[Fire (intraoperative emergency)]] (Redirects: [[Airway fire]])
*[[Hypertension (intraoperative emergency)]]
*[[Hypotension (intraoperative emergency)]]
*[[Hypoxemia (intraoperative emergency)]]
*[[Laryngospasm]]
*[[Local anesthetic systemic toxicity]] (Redirects: [[LAST]])
*[[Malignant Hyperthermia]]
*[[Oxygen failure]]
*[[Pneumothorax]]
*[[Power failure]]
*[[Total spinal anesthesia]]
*[[Transfusion reaction]]
*[[Pulseless electrical activity]] (Redirects: [[PEA arrest]])
*[[Supraventricular tachycardia (intraoperative emergency)]] (Redirects: [[SVT (intraoperative emergency)]])
*[[Venous air embolism]] (Redirects: [[VAE]])
*[[Ventricular fibrillation]] (Redirects: [[VF]], [[Vfib]])
*[[Ventricular tachycardia]] (Redirects: [[Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia]], [[Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia]], [[Torsades de pointes]], [[VT]], [[Vtach]])

=Intraoperative monitoring=
*[[Arterial blood pressure]] (Redirects: [[ABP]])
*[[Capnography]] (Redirects: [[End-tidal CO2]], [[EtCO2]])
*[[Central venous pressure]] (Redirects: [[CVP]])
*[[Cerebral oximetry]] (Redirects: [[ScO2]])
*[[Core temperature]]
*[[Echocardiography]]
**[[Transesophageal echocardiography]] (Redirects: [[TEE]])
**[[Transthoracic echocardiography]] (Redirects: [[TTE]])
*[[Electrocardiography]] (Redirects: [[5-lead electrocardiogram]], [[ECG]])
*[[Electroencephalography]] (Redirects: [[BIS]], [[Bispectral index]], [[EEG]], [[Entropy monitoring]], [[Patient state index]], [[PSI]], [[SedLine]], [[Spectral edge frequency]])
*[[Intracranial pressure]] (Redirects: [[ICP]])
*[[Neuromonitoring]]
**[[Brainstem auditory evoked potentials]] (Redirects: [[BAEPs]])
**[[Motor evoked potentials]] (Redirects: [[MEPs]])
**[[Somatosensory evoked potentials]] (Redirects: [[SSEPs]])
**[[Visual evoked potentials]] (Redirects: [[VEPs]])
*[[Pleth variability index]] (Redirects: [[PVI]])
*[[Pulse oximetry]] (Redirects: [[Plethysmography]], [[SpO2]])
*[[Pulse pressure variation]] (Redirects: [[PPV]])
*[[Precordial doppler]]
*[[Pulmonary artery pressure]] (Redirects: [[PAP]])
*[[Peripheral IV]] (Redirects: [[IV]], [[Large bore IV]], [[PIV]])
*[[Urine output]] (Redirects: [[UOP]])

= Neuraxial and regional anesthesia =
* [[Local anesthetics]]
* [[Local anesthetic adjuvants]]
* [[Local anesthetic toxicity]] (Redirects: [[LAST]])

==[[Neuraxial anesthesia]]==
*[[Caudal anesthesia]]
*[[Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia]] (Redirects: [[CSE]])
*[[Epidural anesthesia]] (Redirects: [[Epidural]])
**[[Lumbar epidural]]
**[[Thoracic epidural]]
*[[Post-dural-puncture headache]] (Redirects: [[PDPH]])
*[[Spinal anesthesia]] (Redirects: [[Spinal]])
*[[Total spinal anesthesia]]

== [[Regional anesthesia]] ==
* [[Bier block]]
* [[Local anesthetics]]
* [[Local anesthetic adjuvants]]

=== [[Head and neck nerve blocks]] ===
* [[Blocks for awake tracheal intubation]]
* [[Cervical plexus block]]
* [[Scalp block]]

=== [[Upper extremity nerve blocks]] ===
* [[Blocks at the elbow]]
* [[Brachial plexus blocks]]
** [[Interscalene block]]
** [[Supraclavicular block]]
** [[Infraclavicular block]]
** [[Axillary block]]
* [[Digital block]]
* [[Wrist block]]

=== [[Thoracic and abdominal wall blocks]] ===
* [[Intercostal nerve block]]
* [[Pectoralis nerve block]]
* [[Quadratus lumborum block]] (Redirects: [[QL block]])
* [[Serratus plane block]]
* [[Transversus abdominis plane block]] (Redirects: [[TAP block]])
* [[Truncal block]] (Redirects: [[Iliohypogastric nerve block]], [[Ilioinguinal nerve block]], [[Rectus sheath block]])

=== [[Lower extremity nerve blocks]] ===
* [[Ankle block]]
* [[Fascia iliaca block]]
* [[Femoral nerve block]]
* [[Lumbar plexus block]]
* [[Obturator nerve block]]
* [[Popliteal nerve block]]
* [[Saphenous nerve block]]
* [[Sciatic nerve block]]

= Pharmacology =
* [[Equianalgesic]] (Redirects: [[MME]], [[Morphine milligram equivalent]])
* [[Pharmacodynamics]]
* [[Pharmacokinetics]]
** [[Blood-gas partition coefficient]]
** [[Context sensitive half-life]]
** [[Drug metabolism]]
** [[Elimination]]
** [[Ion trapping]]
** [[Redistribution]]

== Drug reference ==
=== Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors ===
* [[Edrophonium]]
* [[Neostigmine]] (Redirects: [[Bloxiverz]])
* [[Physostigmine]]

=== [[Adrenergic receptor modulators]] ===
Redirects: [[Alpha agonists]], [[Alpha antagonists]], [[Beta agonists]]
* Alpha-1 agonists
** [[Ephedrine]]
** [[Epinephrine]] (Redirects: [[Adrenaline]])
** [[Norepinephrine]] (Redirects: [[Noradrenaline]])
** [[Phenylephrine]] (Redirects: [[Neosynephrine]])
* Alpha-1 antagonists
** [[Labetalol]]
** [[Phenoxybenzamine]]
** [[Phentolamine]]
* Alpha-2 agonists
** [[Clonidine]] (Redirects: [[Catapres]])
** [[Dexmedetomidine]] (Redirects: [[Precedex]])
* Beta agonists
** Beta-1 selective agonists
*** [[Dobutamine]]
** [[Ephedrine]]
** [[Epinephrine]]
** [[Isoprenaline]] (Redirects: [[Isoproterenol]])
** [[Norepinephrine]]
* [[Beta blockers]] (Redirects: [[Beta antagonists]])
** Beta-1 selective antagonists
*** [[Esmolol]] (Redirects: [[Brevibloc]])
*** [[Metoprolol]]
** [[Labetalol]]

=== [[Analgesics]] ===
* [[Acetaminophen]] (Redirects: [[Tylenol]])
* [[Analgesic adjuvants]]
** [[Gabapentin]] (Redirects: [[Neurontin]])
** [[Ketamine]]
** [[Lidocaine]]
** [[Pregabalin]] (Redirects: [[Lyrica]])
* [[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]] (Redirects: [[NSAIDs]])
** [[Aspirin]] (Redirects: [[Acetylsalicylic acid]])
** [[Celecoxib]] (Redirects: [[Celebrex]])
** [[Ibuprofen]]
** [[Ketorolac]] (Redirects: [[Toradol]])
* [[Opioid analgesics]]
** [[Alfentanil]]
** [[Buprenorphine]]
** [[Codeine]]
** [[Fentanyl]]
** [[Hydrocodone]]
** [[Hydromorphone]]
** [[Methadone]]
** [[Meperidine]]
** [[Morphine]]
** [[Oxycodone]]
** [[Remifentanil]]
** [[Sufentanil]]

=== [[Antibiotics]] ===
* [[Cefazolin]] (Redirects: [[Ancef]], [[Kefzol]])
* [[Clindamycin]] (Redirects: [[Cleocin]])
* [[Vancomycin]]

=== Anticholinergics ===
* [[Atropine]]
* [[Glycopyrrolate]]

=== Antidotes ===
* [[Andexanet alfa]] (Redirects: [[Andexxa]])
* [[Atropine]]
* [[Dantrolene]]
* [[Flumazenil]]
* [[Glucagon]]
* [[Hydroxocobalamin]] (Redirects: [[Vitamin B12]])
* [[Idarucizumab]] (Redirects: [[Praxbind]])
* [[Methylene blue]] (Redirects: [[Methylthioninium chloride]])
* [[Physostigmine]]
* [[Naloxone]]
* [[Protamine]]
* [[Sugammadex]] (Redirects: [[Bridion]])

=== [[Antiemetics]] ===
* [[Aprepitant]] (Redirects: [[Fosaprepitant]], [[Emend]])
* [[Dexamethasone]]
* [[Granisetron]] (Redirects: [[Kytril]])
* [[Haloperidol]] (Redirects: [[Haldol]])
* [[Metoclopramide]] (Redirects: [[Reglan]])
* [[Ondansetron]] (Redirects: [[Zofran]])
* [[Prochlorperazine]] (Redirects: [[Compazine]])
* [[Promethazine]] (Redirects: [[Phenergan]])
* [[Propofol]]
* [[Scopolamine]] (Redirects: [[Hyoscine]])

=== Antifibrinolytics ===
* [[Tranexamic acid]] (Redirects: [[TXA]])

=== Antihistamines ===
* [[Diphenhydramine]] (Redirects: [[Benadryl]])
* [[Famotidine]] (Redirects: [[Pepcid]])

=== Antithrombotics ===
* Antiplatelet drugs
** [[Aspirin]]
** [[Clopidogrel]] (Redirects: [[Plavix]])
** [[Ticagrelor]] (Redirects: [[Brilinta]])
* Anticoagulants
** [[Apixaban]] (Redirects: [[Eliquis]])
** [[Argatroban]]
** [[Dabigatran]] (Redirects: [[Pradaxa]])
** [[Fondaparinux]]
** [[Heparin]]
** [[Low-molecular-weight heparin]] (Redirects: [[Enoxaparin]], [[Lovenox]], [[LMWH]])
** [[Rivaroxaban]] (Redirects: [[Xarelto]])
** [[Warfarin]] (Redirects: [[Coumadin]])
* Thrombolytics
** [[Tissue plasminogen activator]] (Redirects: [[Alteplase]], [[tPA]])
** [[Streptokinase]]

=== Anxiolytics ===
* [[Diazepam]]
* [[Lorazepam]]
* [[Midazolam]]

=== Benzodiazepines ===
* [[Diazepam]] (Redirects: [[Valium]])
* [[Flumazenil]]
* [[Lorazepam]] (Redirects: [[Ativan]])
* [[Midazolam]] (Redirects: [[Versed]])

=== [[Chronotropes]] ===
Redirects: [[Negative chronotropes]], [[Positive chronotropes]]
* Negative chronotropes
** [[Adenosine]]
** [[Beta blockers]]
*** [[Esmolol]]
*** [[Labetalol]]
*** [[Metoprolol]]
* Positive chronotropes
** [[Atropine]]
** [[Dobutamine]]
** [[Dopamine]]
** [[Ephedrine]]
** [[Epinephrine]]
** [[Glycopyrrolate]]
** [[Isoprenaline]]
** [[Milrinone]]
** [[Norepinephrine]]

* Electrolytes
** [[Calcium chloride]]
** [[Calcium gluconate]]
** [[Magnesium sulfate]]
** [[Potassium chloride]]

=== Diuretics ===

* [[Furosemide]]
* [[Mannitol]]

=== [[General anesthetics]] ===
* [[Inhalational anesthestics]] (Redirects: [[Volatile anesthetics]])
** [[Chloroethane]] (Redirects: [[Ethyl chloride]])
** [[Chloroform]]
** [[Cyclopropane]]
** [[Desflurane]] (Redirects: [[Suprane]])
** [[Diethyl ether]] (Redirects: [[Ether]])
** [[Enflurane]]
** [[Halothane]] (Redirects: [[Fluothane]])
** [[Isoflurane]] (Redirects: [[Forane]])
** [[Methoxyflurane]]
** [[Nitrous oxide]]
** [[Sevoflurane]] (Redirects: [[Ultane]])
** [[Xenon]]
* [[Intravenous anesthetics]]
** [[Etomidate]] (Redirects: [[Amidate]])
** [[Ketamine]] (Redirects: [[Esketamine]], [[Ketalar]])
** [[Methohexital]] (Redirects: [[Brevital]])
** [[Propofol]] (Redirects: [[Diprivan]])
** [[Thiopental]] (Redirects: [[Sodium pentothal]])

=== Imaging dyes ===
* [[Fluorescein]]
* [[Indocyanine green]]
* [[Methylene blue]] (Redirects: [[Methylthioninium chloride]])

=== [[Inodilators]] ===
* [[Dobutamine]]
* [[Milrinone]] (Redirects: [[Primacor]])

=== [[Inotropes]] ===
Redirects: [[Negative inotropes]], [[Positive inotropes]]
* Negative inotropes
** [[Beta blockers]]
* Positive inotropes
** [[Calcium chloride]]
** [[Calcium gluconate]]
** [[Dobutamine]]
** [[Dopamine]]
** [[Ephedrine]]
** [[Epinephrine]]
** [[Isoprenaline]]
** [[Milrinone]]
** [[Norepinephrine]]

=== [[Intravenous fluids]] ===
* [[Albumin]]
* [[Hetastarch]] (Redirects: [[Hydroxyethyl starch]])
* [[Intravenous sugar solution]] (Redirects: [[D5]], [[D50]], [[D5W]], [[D5NS]], [[D5LR]])
* [[Normal saline]] (Redirects: [[NS]])
* [[Lactated Ringer's]] (Redirects: [[LR]])
* [[Normosol]]
* [[Plasma-lyte]]
* [[Sodium bicarbonate]]

=== [[Local anesthetics]] ===
* [[Benzocaine]]
* [[Bupivacaine]] (Redirects: [[Marcaine]])
* [[Chloroprocaine]] (Redirects: [[Nesacaine]])
* [[Procaine]] (Redirects: [[Novocain]], [[Novocaine]])
* [[Lidocaine]] (Redirects: [[Xylocaine]])
* [[Mepivacaine]] (Redirects: [[Carbocaine]])
* [[Ropivacaine]] (Redirects: [[Naropin]])
* [[Tetracaine]]

=== [[Local anesthetic adjuvants]] ===
* [[Clonidine]]
* [[Epinephrine]]
* [[Fentanyl]]
* [[Hydromorphone]]
* [[Ketamine]]
* [[Midazolam]]
* [[Morphine]]
* [[Neostigmine]]
* [[Sufentanil]]
* [[Sodium bicarbonate]]

=== [[Neuromuscular blockers]] ===
* [[Cisatracurium]] (Redirects: [[Nimbex]])
* [[Mivacurium]]
* [[Rocuronium]] (Redirects: [[Zemuron]])
* [[Succinylcholine]] (Redirects: [[Anectine]])
* [[Vecuronium]]

=== [[Opioids]] ===
* [[Opioid analgesics]]
** Opium alkaloids and derivatives
*** [[Buprenorphine]] (Redirects: [[Subutex]])
*** [[Codeine]]
*** [[Hydrocodone]] (Redirects: [[Vicodin]])
*** [[Hydromorphone]] (Redirects: [[Dilaudid]])
*** [[Morphine]]
*** [[Oxycodone]] (Redirects: [[Oxycontin]], [[Roxicodone]])
** Synthetic opioids
*** [[Alfentanil]] (Redirects: [[Alfenta]])
*** [[Fentanyl]] (Redirects: [[Sublimaze]])
*** [[Methadone]]
*** [[Meperidine]] (Redirects: [[Demerol]], [[Pethidine]])
*** [[Remifentanil]] (Redirects: [[Ultiva]])
*** [[Sufentanil]] (Redirects: [[Sufenta]])
** [[Tramadol]] (Redirects: [[Ultram]])
* Opioid antagonists
** [[Naloxone]] (Redirects: [[Narcan]])
** [[Naltrexone]]
* [[Buprenorphine/naltrexone]] (Redirects: [[Suboxone]])

=== [[Sedative hypnotics]] ===
* [[Dexmedetomidine]]
* [[Etomidate]]
* [[Ketamine]]
* [[Methohexital]]
* [[Midazolam]]
* [[Propofol]]
* [[Thiopental]]

=== Steroids ===
* [[Dexamethasone]] (Redirects: [[Decadron]])
* [[Hydrocortisone]]

=== [[Uterotonics]] ===
* [[Carboprost]] (Redirects: [[Hemabate]])
* [[Methylergometrine]] (Redirects: [[Methergine]], [[Methylergonovine]])
* [[Misoprostol]] (Redirects: [[Cytotec]])
* [[Oxytocin]] (Redirects: [[Pitocin]])

=== [[Vasodilators]] ===
* Calcium channel blockers
** [[Clevidipine]] (Redirects: [[Cleviprex]])
** [[Nicardipine]] (Redirects: [[Cardene]])
** [[Nimodipine]] (Redirects: [[Nimotop]])
* Nitrovasodilators
** [[Nitric oxide]] (Redirects: [[NO]])
** [[Nitroglycerin]]
** [[Nitroprusside]] (Redirects: [[Nipride]], [[SNP]], [[Sodium nitroprusside]])
* Pulmonary vasodilators
** [[Nitric oxide]] (Redirects: [[NO]])
** [[Epoprostenol]] (Redirects: [[Flolan]], [[Prostacyclin]], [[Prostaglandin I2]])
* [[Dobutamine]]
* [[Fenoldopam]] (Redirects: [[Corlopam]])
* [[Hydralazine]]
* [[Milrinone]]
* [[Sildenafil]] (Redirects: [[Revatio]], [[Viagra]])

=== [[Vasoconstrictors]] ===
* [[Ephedrine]]
* [[Epinephrine]]
* [[Phenylephrine]]
* [[Norepinephrine]]
* [[Dopamine]]
* [[Vasopressin]] (Redirects: [[Vasostrict]])

=== Other drugs ===
* [[Octreotide]]

=[[:Category:Transfusion medicine|Transfusion medicine]]=
==[[:Category:Blood products|Blood products]]==
*[[Packed red blood cells|Packed red blood cells (pRBCs)]]
*[[Fresh frozen plasma|Fresh frozen plasma (FFP)]]
*[[Platelets]]
*[[Cryoprecipitate]]

=Procedures in anesthesia =
*[[Airway procedures]]
*[[Neuraxial anesthesia]]
*[[Regional anesthesia]]
*Vascular access procedures
**[[Arterial line]]
**Central line
***[[Central venous catheter|Central venous catheter (CVC)]]
***[[Introducer sheath|Introducer sheath (Cordis)]]
***[[Peripherally inserted central catheter|Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC)]]
**[[Peripheral IV|Peripheral IV (PIV)]]
**Midline Catheter
**[[Microintroducer]]
**[[Rapid infusion catheter|Rapid infusion catheter (RIC)]]

=[[Subspecialties in anesthesia]]=
*[[Cardiothoracic anesthesia]]
*[[Critical care medicine]]
*[[Neuroanesthesia]]
*[[Obstetric anesthesia]]
*[[Pain medicine]]
*[[Pediatric anesthesia]]
*[[Pediatric cardiac anesthesia]]
*[[Perioperative medicine]]
*[[Regional anesthesia and acute pain]]
*[[Transplant anesthesia]]

Afib ablation

2022-06-23T00:35:31Z

WikiAnesthesia: Redirected page to Intracardiac catheter ablation for the treatment of arrhythmia

#REDIRECT [[Intracardiac catheter ablation for the treatment of arrhythmia]]

Fundoplication

2022-05-18T04:23:52Z

WikiAnesthesia: Redirected page to Esophagastric fundoplication

#REDIRECT [[Esophagastric fundoplication]]

Craniotomy for extracranial-intracranial revascularization

2022-03-29T13:28:33Z

WikiAnesthesia: Experimentation with new overview section

{{Infobox surgical case reference
| anesthesia_type = General
| airway = ETT
| lines_access = PIV x 2 Art line CVC
| monitors = Standard ASA 
5-lead EKG 
Core temp 
UOP 
ABG 
CVP 
EEG
| considerations_preoperative = Characterize neurologic deficits 
Consider anxiolytic 
| considerations_intraoperative = Smooth induction 
Maintain CPP 
Maximize flow to ischemic areas 
Decrease CMRO2 
Decrease intracranial volume 
Smooth extubation
| considerations_postoperative = Careful control of BP 
PONV prophylaxis
}}'''Craniotomy for extracranial-intracranial revascularization''' (also referred to as '''EC-IC bypass''') is a neurosurgical procedure used to augment cerebral blood flow.

==Overview==
===Indications===
EC-IC bypass is generally indicated for severe stenosis or occlusion of intracranial arteries that is resulting in focal neurological symptoms. This procedure is frequently used to treat Moya-moya disease.

===Surgical procedure===
The procedure involves connecting a branch of the external carotid artery (typically the superficial temporal artery) to a branch of the internal carotid artery (typically the middle cerebral artery). The anastomosis can be achieved via a vein graft or a direct connection.

==Preoperative management==
===Patient evaluation===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!System
!Considerations
|-
| Neurologic
|
*Patients typically presenting with focal neurologic symptoms. Pre-existing deficits should be well characterized and documented.
|-
|Cardiovascular
|
*Hypertension is a common adaptive response to maintain CPP. A normal BP may be undesirable in the setting of severe cerebrovascular disease.
*Patients may have generalized vascular disease, including CAD.
|-
|Hematologic
|
*Patients often on aspirin through day of surgery
*Anticoagulants impacting PT/PTT typically discontinued 1 week prior to surgery
|}
===Labs and studies===

*EKG
*Echo (if concern for cardiovascular disease)
*Coronary angiography (depending on cardiac risk factors)
*Complete blood count
*Chemistry panel
*Coagulation panel
*Cerebral angiography performed to identify cause of neurologic symptoms

===Operating room setup===

*Infusion pumps
*Surface cooling device (i.e. cold-water circulating blanket)
*Warming device
**Patient will need aggressive rewarming post-anastomosis
**Consider bladder irrigation, warm-water circulating blanket, forced warm air blanket
* Consider central heat exchanger, especially if patient has high surface-to-volume ratio

===Patient preparation and premedication ===

*Consider pre-op acetaminophen 1000mg PO
*Consider pre-op aprepitant if patient has history of severe PONV
*Consider small dose of anxiolytic
*Detailed discussion with patient regarding anesthetic plan

===Regional and neuraxial techniques===

*Avoid scalp blocks, as they may interfere with donor vessel blood flow

== Intraoperative management==
===Monitoring and access===

*Standard ASA monitors
*5-Lead EKG
*Core temperature
*Urine output
*Arterial blood pressure
*Central venous pressure
*EEG

===Induction and airway management===

*Smooth induction is essential
* Goal is to maintain CPP
*Have vasopressors ready to maintain CPP during induction
*Use narcotic to blunt response to laryngoscopy
* Muscle relaxant used to facilitate tracheal intubation

===Positioning===

*Supine
*Table typicaly turned 180
*Mayfield skull fixation
*Shoulder roll
*Have all lines directed towards patient's feet, where anesthesiologist typically positioned

===Maintenance and surgical considerations===

*Remifentanil (2-4mcg/kg) to minimize BP elevations during pinning
*Maintenance of anesthesia can be achieved with combination of remifentanil, propofol, and/or volatile agent
* Keep PaCO2 around 40 mmHg
**Hypocarbia may cause unwanted cerebral vasoconstriction in these patients
*Goal net zero fluid balance / Maintain normovolemia
*Dexamethasone may be used to decrease PONV
**Avoid scopolamine for PONV, as it may confound post-op neurologic exams
*Mild hypothermia (33-34°C) can be used to decrease CMRO2 and increase the brain's tolerance to ischemia
*Confirm pre-incision antibiotics
*Avoid long-acting opioids
*Phenylephrine infusion typically used to maintain CPP during procedure
**Phenylephrine typically preferred because it is not arrhythmogenic
* Continuous neuromuscular blockade typically not needed
*Establish burst suppression (i.e. propofol 1mg/kg) immediately prior to cross clamping of cerebral artery for anastomosis
**A bolus dose of phenylephrine and/or ephedrine typically needed to counterbalance hypotensive effect of propofol.
*Aggressive rewarming should start as soon as revascularization is complete

===Emergence===

*As anesthetic is titrated down, patient's BP will generally increase
*Beta-blockers (esmolol, labetalol) and vasodilators (clevideipine, SNP) may be needed to maintain tight BP control during emergence
*Close regulation of blood pressure is essential
*Reverse any residual neuromuscular blockade
*Prophylactic antiemetics should be given before extubation
*Consider IV acetaminophen
*If patient begins to buck or cough on ETT, extubate or suppress cough reflex (IV lidocaine)
*Achieve appropriate core body temperature prior to extubation

== Postoperative management==
===Disposition===

*ICU (typically monitored overnight in ICU)
*Supplemental O2
*Head of bed at 20-30°
*Tight BP monitoring and management post-op (typically maintain at baseline levels)
*Regular neuro checks post-op

===Pain management===

*Multimodal pain management
*Consider post-op acetaminophen
*Avoid scalp blocks, as they can interfere with donor vessel blood flow

===Potential complications===

*Seizures
*Stroke
*Hemorrhage at anastomosis
*Brain swelling can be caused by hyperemia in revascularized areas

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Surgical procedures]]
[[Category:Neurosurgery]]
[[Category:Intracranial neurosurgery]]

Myomectomy

2022-03-29T13:23:21Z

WikiAnesthesia:

{{Infobox surgical procedure
| anesthesia_type = General vs Neuraxial
| airway = ETT vs LMA vs non-invasive O2
| lines_access = PIV x 1-2 (at least 1 large bore)
+/- Arterial line
| monitors = Standard ASA monitors
5-lead EKG
Temperature
| considerations_preoperative = Type and screen
| considerations_intraoperative = Hemorrohage, uterine rupture, CO2 air embolism
| considerations_postoperative = PONV, hemorrhage/hematoma
}}A '''myomectomy''' is a surgical procedure involving the removal of uterine fibroids.

== Overview ==

===Indications ===
Abnormal bleeding, infertility, ureteral compression, hydroureter/hydronephrosis, and pain<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1117874404|title=Anesthesiologist's manual of surgical procedures|date=2020|others=Richard A. Jaffe, Clifford A. Schmiesing, Brenda Golianu|isbn=978-1-4698-2916-6|edition=Sixth edition|location=Philadelphia|oclc=1117874404}}</ref>
===Surgical procedure===
There are several approaches to the surgery that is dictated by the size, number, and location of the fibroids. The procedure begins with Pfannenstiel (open), low midline abdominal laparoscopic incision (laparoscopic) with placement of trocars, or with hysteroscopy. For the laparoscopic approach, the abdomen is insufflated. For the vaginal approach, the uterus is infused with fluids. In order to minimize bleeding, vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine or vasopressin are injected into the myometrium or a tourniquet can be used to minimize uterine blood flow. Fibroids are removed and defects are sutured and closed.

==Preoperative management==

===Patient evaluation===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!System
!Considerations
|-
|Hematologic
|Assess for anemia secondary to menorrhagia or menometrorrhagia
|-
|Renal
|Assess for volume status as abdominal insufflation decreases preload
|}

===Labs and studies===

*Type and screen

=== Patient preparation and premedication===

*IV midazolam for anxiety
*PO acetaminophen for pain
*PO gabapentin
*PO celecoxib
*Scopolamine patch for PONV

=== Regional and neuraxial techniques===

*Spinal and/or epidural mainly for vaginal approach or for supplementation of analgesia with general for open approach

==Intraoperative management==

===Monitoring and access===

*Standard ASA monitors
*5-lead EKG
*+/- arterial depending size/location/approach of myomectomy
*OG/NGT to decompress stomach prior to trocar placement to decrease risk of injury
*PIV x 1-2 (at least 1 large bore for open or laparoscopic)

===Induction and airway management===

*If general is chosen, standard induction
**ETT vs LMA
*If neuraxial is chosen, minimal to deep sedation is reasonable

===Positioning===

*Lithotomy (laparoscopic, vaginal approach)
*Supine (open approach)
*Steep Trendelenburg (laparoscopic approach)

===Maintenance and surgical considerations===

*Maintenance with volatile anesthetic supplemented with opioid or neuraxial for analgesic
**Consider TIVA is high risk for PONV
**Maintain neuromuscular blockade if open or laparoscopy
*Physiologic of abdominal insufflation
**Decreased FRC
***May require adjustment of PEEP to prevent alveolar collapse
** CO2 retention
***May require adjustment of MV to decrease absorbed CO2 from insufflation
** Increase HR, MAP, PVR and SVR
**Decreased venous return from IVC collapsed, preload, and cardiac output
**Bradycardia and systole
***May need to decompress abdomen from insufflation, and proceed abdominal insufflation slowly
***Treat with atropine or glycopyrrolate
* Monitor blood loss, transfuse if needed
**Vascular injury
*CO2 air embolism
*Subcutaneous/mediastinal emphysema
*Uterine rupture
* Bowel/bladder injury
*Monitored fluid infused and fluid retrieved and assess for fluid shifts and electrolytes imbalance if vaginal approach

===Emergence===

*PONV prophylaxis

==Postoperative management==

===Disposition===

*PACU
*Home likely for laparoscopic or vaginal approach
*Most likely floor for open approach

===Pain management===

*Pain ranges from mild to severe depending on surgical approach
**Multimodal analgesia
***IV/PO acetominophen
***IV/PO opioids
***IV/PO NSAIDs based on discussion with surgical team
***IV lidocaine
***IV ketamine
***Local anesthetic at trocar sites
***TAP blocks
***Epidural analgesia

===Potential complications===

*Bleeding/hematoma
*Pregnancy complications
*Infections
*Peroneal nerve damage
*Adhesion formation
* Fistula formation
*Pulmonary embolism
* Pulmonary edema
*Electrolyte imbalances

==Procedure variants==

{| class="wikitable wikitable-horizontal-scroll"
|+
!
!Open myomectomy
!Laparoscopic myomectomy
!Vaginal myomectomy
|-
|Unique considerations
|
*Increased bleeding risk
|
*Minimizes blood lost
*May require mini-laparotomy or posterior culdotomy to retrieve fibroids

|
*Requires hysteroscopy
*Fluid shifts
|-
|Position
|Supine
|Steep Trendelenburg +/- lithotomy
|Lithotomy
|-
|Surgical time
| Up to 4 hours
|1-4 hours
| 1-4 hours
|-
|EBL
|Up to 1 L
|100-600 mL
| 0-100 mL
|-
|Postoperative disposition
|Floor
| PACU and usually discharged home
|PACU and usually discharged home
|-
| Pain management
|Severe, multimodal, consider epidural
|Moderate, multimodal
|Mild to moderate, multimodal
|-
|Potential complications
|Bowel/bladder injury, bleeding
|Bowel/bladder injury, complications of abdominal CO2 insufflation
|Uterine rupture, pulmonary edema, electrolyte abnormalities
|}

== References==

[[Category:Surgical procedures]]

<references />

Mediastinoscopy

2021-06-29T03:34:06Z