Chris.Rishel at 01:18, 11 January 2024

2024-01-11T01:18:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:18, 10 January 2024
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	[[Category:Drug reference]]		[[Category:Drug reference]]
	[[Category:~~Anticholinergic~~]]		[[Category:Anticholinergics]]
	[[Category:Positive chronotropes]]		[[Category:Positive chronotropes]]
	[[Category:Antidotes]]		[[Category:Antidotes]]
	<references />		<references />

Chris.Rishel: Formatting, updated reference to public domain

2024-01-11T01:10:03Z

Formatting, updated reference to public domain

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:10, 10 January 2024
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	==Uses<!-- Describe uses of the drug. If appropriate, add subsections for each indication. -->==		==Uses<!-- Describe uses of the drug. If appropriate, add subsections for each indication. -->==
	- Treatment of bradycardia (vasovagal response, AV block, bradyarrhythmias)		* Treatment of bradycardia (vasovagal response, AV block, bradyarrhythmias)
			*Treatment of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor toxicity (chemical nerve agents, carbamate, organophosphates)
	- Treatment of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor toxicity (chemical nerve agents, carbamate, organophosphates)		*Perioperatively for reduction of secretions and vagal responses
			*Perioperatively for prophylaxis against muscarinic effects when anticholinesterase agents (neostigmine, physostigmine, pyridostigmine) are used to reverse neuromuscular blockade
	- Perioperatively for reduction of secretions and vagal responses		*For ophthalmic surgery, to induce mydriasis or cycloplegia
			*Treatment of amblyopia
	- Perioperatively for prophylaxis against muscarinic effects when anticholinesterase agents (neostigmine, physostigmine, pyridostigmine) are used to reverse neuromuscular blockade

	- For ophthalmic surgery, to induce mydriasis or cycloplegia

	- Treatment of amblyopia

	==Contraindications<!-- List contraindications and precautions for use of the drug. -->==		==Contraindications<!-- List contraindications and precautions for use of the drug. -->==

	===Absolute contraindications<!-- List absolute contraindications for use of the drug. If none, this section may be removed. -->===		===Absolute contraindications<!-- List absolute contraindications for use of the drug. If none, this section may be removed. -->===
	- Atropine or belladonna alkaloids hypersensitivity. Note: IM/IV administration of atropine can cause flushing of face and trunk, which is not associated with a hypersensitivity response.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=07/2018\|title=Atropine Injection, 2mg\|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/212319s000lbl.pdf\|url-status=live\|access-date=01/05/2024\|website=FDA Drug Safety Data}}</ref>		*Atropine or belladonna alkaloids hypersensitivity. Note: IM/IV administration of atropine can cause flushing of face and trunk, which is not associated with a hypersensitivity response.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=07/2018\|title=Atropine Injection, 2mg\|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/212319s000lbl.pdf\|url-status=live\|access-date=01/05/2024\|website=FDA Drug Safety Data}}</ref>

	===Precautions<!-- List precautions for use of the drug. If none, this section may be removed. -->===		===Precautions<!-- List precautions for use of the drug. If none, this section may be removed. -->===
	- Coronary artery disease, acute myocardial infarct, congestive heart failure, tachycardia, or hypertension		*Coronary artery disease, acute myocardial infarct, congestive heart failure, tachycardia, or hypertension
			*Chronic lung disease
	- Chronic lung disease		*Obstructive gastrointestinal disease, including toxic megacolon, paralytic ileus, pyloric stenosis
			*Obstructive urinary disease, including uropathy and prostatic hypertrophy
	- Obstructive gastrointestinal disease, including toxic megacolon, paralytic ileus, pyloric stenosis		* Acute-angle glaucoma
			*[[Myasthenia gravis]]
	- Obstructive urinary disease, including uropathy and prostatic hypertrophy		*Insufficient data regarding atropine use during pregnancy to determine risk of adverse developmental outcomes

	- Acute-angle glaucoma

	- Myasthenia gravis

	- Insufficient data regarding atropine use during pregnancy to determine risk of adverse developmental outcomes

	==Pharmacology==		==Pharmacology==
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	====Mechanism of action<!-- Describe the mechanism of action for the primary uses of the drug. -->====		====Mechanism of action<!-- Describe the mechanism of action for the primary uses of the drug. -->====
	Atropine is a competitive inhibitor at autonomic postganglionic cholinergic receptors<ref name=":0">{{~~Cite web~~\|title=Atropine\|url=~~https~~://www~~-clinicalkey-com~~.~~laneproxy~~.~~stanford~~.~~edu~~/#!/~~topic~~/~~atropine?topic~~=~~atropine~~\|~~url-status~~=~~live~~\|access-date=~~1/5/~~2024\|~~website~~=~~Elsevier Drug Information~~}}</ref>. Atropine’s activity is primarily due to the l-hyoscyamine enantiomer. Atropine binds receptors found in GI and pulmonary smooth muscle, exocrine glands, heart and eye; it does not block acetylcholine’s action at the NMJ. It does not inhibit ~~nicotonic cholingeric~~ receptors at typical doses. Atropine’s primary clinical effects include changes in heart rate, reduction in salivary, bronchial, and sweat gland secretions, bronchodilation, mydriasis and cycloplegia, decreased GI motility and gastric secretions, and contraction of the bladder detrusor muscle.		Atropine is a competitive inhibitor at autonomic postganglionic cholinergic receptors.<ref name=":0">{{Citation\|last=McLendon\|first=Kevin\|title=Atropine\|date=2023\|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470551/\|work=StatPearls\|place=Treasure Island (FL)\|publisher=StatPearls Publishing\|pmid=29262018\|access-date=2024-01-11\|last2=Preuss\|first2=Charles V.}}</ref> Atropine’s activity is primarily due to the l-hyoscyamine enantiomer. Atropine binds receptors found in GI and pulmonary smooth muscle, exocrine glands, heart and eye; it does not block acetylcholine’s action at the NMJ. It does not inhibit nicotinic cholinergic receptors at typical doses. Atropine’s primary clinical effects include changes in heart rate, reduction in salivary, bronchial, and sweat gland secretions, bronchodilation, mydriasis and cycloplegia, decreased GI motility and gastric secretions, and contraction of the bladder detrusor muscle.

	====Adverse effects<!-- Describe any potential adverse effects of the drug. -->====		====Adverse effects<!-- Describe any potential adverse effects of the drug. -->====
	- Dry mouth (xerostomia)		*Dry mouth (xerostomia)

	~~- Blurred vision, including photophobia and loss of visual acuity~~

	~~- GI symptoms: dysphagia, constipation, nausea, vomiting~~

	~~- Bradycardia (at doses of 0.4-0.6mg)~~

	~~- Tachycardia (at doses of 1-2mg)~~

	~~- Palpitations, arrhythmias, aystole~~

	- Flushing		*Blurred vision, including photophobia and loss of visual acuity
			*GI symptoms: dysphagia, constipation, nausea, vomiting
	- Urinary retention		*Bradycardia (at doses of 0.4-0.6mg)
			*Tachycardia (at doses of 1-2mg)
	- Delirium and coma at high doses		*Palpitations, arrhythmias, asystole
			*Flushing
			*Urinary retention
			*Delirium and coma at high doses

	===Pharmacokinetics<!-- Describe the pharmacokinetics of the drug. -->===		===Pharmacokinetics<!-- Describe the pharmacokinetics of the drug. -->===
	~~- IV administration has a distribution half life of about 1 minute, with rapid decline in concentration within the first 8-10 minutes. <ref name=":0" />~~

	- Crosses the blood-brain barrier and the placenta<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal\|last=Ali–Melkkilä\|first=T.\|last2=Kanto\|first2=J.\|last3=Iisalo\|first3=E.\|date=1993-10\|title=Pharmacokinetics and related pharmacodynamics of anticholinergic drugs\|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1399-6576.1993.tb03780.x\|journal=Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica\|language=en\|volume=37\|issue=7\|pages=633–642\|doi=10.1111/j.1399-6576.1993.tb03780.x\|issn=0001-5172}}</ref>

	~~- Undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis in the liver into active metabolites<ref name=":1" />~~

	- Atropine and its metabolites are primarily exreted renally, with small contributions from pulmonary and fecal routes of excretion. 13-57% of atropine is excreted unchanged in the urine.<ref name=":1" />		* IV administration has a distribution half life of about 1 minute, with rapid decline in concentration within the first 8-10 minutes.<ref name=":0" />
			* Crosses the blood-brain barrier and the placenta<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal\|last=Ali–Melkkilä\|first=T.\|last2=Kanto\|first2=J.\|last3=Iisalo\|first3=E.\|date=1993-10\|title=Pharmacokinetics and related pharmacodynamics of anticholinergic drugs\|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1399-6576.1993.tb03780.x\|journal=Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica\|language=en\|volume=37\|issue=7\|pages=633–642\|doi=10.1111/j.1399-6576.1993.tb03780.x\|issn=0001-5172}}</ref>
			* Undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis in the liver into active metabolites<ref name=":1" />
			* Atropine and its metabolites are primarily exreted renally, with small contributions from pulmonary and fecal routes of excretion. 13-57% of atropine is excreted unchanged in the urine.<ref name=":1" />

	==Chemistry and formulation<!-- Describe the chemistry and formulation of the drug. -->==		==Chemistry and formulation<!-- Describe the chemistry and formulation of the drug. -->==

	==History<!-- Describe the historical development of the drug. -->==		== History<!-- Describe the historical development of the drug. -->==

	==References==		== References==

	[[Category:Drug reference]]		[[Category:Drug reference]]

Mccarta: Added an intro paragraph, uses, contraindications, pharmacology sections

2024-01-05T21:31:37Z

Added an intro paragraph, uses, contraindications, pharmacology sections

Show changes

Chris.Rishel: Added embedded dosage calculation

2022-03-30T07:48:38Z

Added embedded dosage calculation

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:48, 30 March 2022
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	\| routes = IV, IM		\| routes = IV, IM
	\| dosage =		\| dosage =
			\| dosage_calculation = atropine
	\| mechanism = Muscarinic acetylcholine antagonism		\| mechanism = Muscarinic acetylcholine antagonism
	\| adverse_effects =		\| adverse_effects =

Chris.Rishel at 11:34, 12 November 2021

2021-11-12T11:34:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:34, 12 November 2021
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	[[Category:Drug reference]]		[[Category:Drug reference]]
	[[Category:Anticholinergic]]		[[Category:Anticholinergic]]
	~~[[Category:Antidote]]~~
	[[Category:Positive chronotropes]]		[[Category:Positive chronotropes]]
			[[Category:Antidotes]]

Chris.Rishel at 11:33, 12 November 2021

2021-11-12T11:33:41Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:33, 12 November 2021
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	{{Infobox drug reference		{{Infobox drug reference
	\| trade_names =		\| trade_names =
	\| drug_class =		\| image_file =
	\| drug_class_color =		\| drug_class = Anticholinergic
	\| uses =		\| drug_class_color = anticholinergic
			\| uses = Treatment of bradycardia,
			Antidote for acetylcholinesterase inhibitor toxicity
	\| contraindications =		\| contraindications =
	\| routes =		\| routes = IV, IM
	\| dosage =		\| dosage =
			\| mechanism = Muscarinic acetylcholine antagonism
			\| adverse_effects =
			\| time_onset =
			\| duration =
			\| metabolism =
			\| halflife_redistribution =
			\| halflife_elimination =
			\| clearance =
			\| protein_binding =
	}}		}}

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	[[Category:Drug reference]]		[[Category:Drug reference]]
			[[Category:Anticholinergic]]
			[[Category:Antidote]]
			[[Category:Positive chronotropes]]

Oliviamsutton: Created page with "{{Infobox drug reference | trade_names = | drug_class = | drug_class_color = | uses = | contraindications = | routes = | dosage = }} Provide a brief summary of this dr..."

2021-11-10T17:39:08Z

Created page with "{{Infobox drug reference | trade_names = | drug_class = | drug_class_color = | uses = | contraindications = | routes = | dosage = }} Provide a brief summary of this dr..."

New page

{{Infobox drug reference
| trade_names =
| drug_class =
| drug_class_color =
| uses =
| contraindications =
| routes =
| dosage =
}}

Provide a brief summary of this drug here.

== Uses ==

== Contraindications ==

=== Absolute contraindications ===

=== Precautions ===

== Pharmacology ==

=== Pharmacodynamics ===

==== Mechanism of action ====

==== Adverse effects ====

=== Pharmacokinetics ===

== Chemistry and formulation ==

== History ==

== References ==

[[Category:Drug reference]]